Mucoadhesion is a topic of current interest in the design of drug delivery systems. Mucoadhesive microspheres exhibit a prolonged residence time at the site of application or absorption and facilitate an intimate contact with the underlying absorption surface and thus contribute to improved and/or better therapeutic performance of drugs. In recent years such mucoadhesive microspheres have been developed for oral, buccal, nasal, ocular, rectal and vaginal routes for either systemic or local effects. The objective of this article is review the principles underlying the development and evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres and the research work carried out on these systems.

Cinitapride (Figure1A) is a substituted benzamide that acts as a gastro prokinetic and antiulcer agent. It is chemically 4-amino-N-[1-(3-cyclohexen-1ylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-ethoxy-5-nitrobenzamide 1. Pantoprazole (Figure 1B) is a proton pump inhibitor drug used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the oesophagus caused by gastro oesophageal reflux disease. Pantoprazole is chemically 5-(Difluoromethoxy)-2-[[(3,4-dimethoxy-2-pyridinyl) methyl

Nanospheres are polymeric matrix of spherical shape that ranges in size between 10- 200 nm in diameter. The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to the matrix of polymer. The nature of nanospheres can be amorphous or crystalline, and they potentiate to protect the drug from chemical and enzymatic degradation. In the matrix of this polymer, a drug will evenly distribute as well as physically and uniformly disperse and can enclose a variety of drugs, enzymes and, genes, providing a long circulation time. Nanospheres have the capability to convert poorly soluble, poorly absorbed and labile biologically active substance into promising deliverable drugs. This review focuses on the mechanism for synthesis of nano-based drug delivery systems, characterization, and application of biodegradable nanospheres and mainly on successful formulations based on biodegradable nanospheres.

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Excellent characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) include light weight, high strength, high modulus, and high temperature resistance. CFRP has a wide range of potential applications in the domains of public safety, aviation, and high-end non-military people products. Different methods have been used to modify the CFRP in order to increase surface action, harshness, and wettability, improving the interfacial binding between the fiber and network for better mechanical properties. Finally, a few CFRP-related difficulties are looked at, and future directions in interfacial support research are predicted. In this day and age, innovation-focused applications are becoming more significant, and the use of mechanical cycles is progressing swiftly and steadily. Due to their exceptional performance, such as low weight, high specific strength, and high specific stiffness, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have a wide application viewpoint in the aerospace, military, and wind power sector high-quality civilian products. Currently, there is still a significant discrepancy between the theoretical calculation of the CFRP and the actual force. Improving the interface rationally is the key to solving this fundamental issue. The development, properties, and contemporary applications of CFRP composite materials, as well as their processing and boring activities, are discussed in this overview along with recent innovations and potential future applications.