Los “ninis” hacen referencia al grupo de jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años que ni estudian ni trabajan. Factores individuales, como el ingreso familiar y la educación, incidirían en la formación de los jóvenes ninis. En este artículo se analizan las características de los jóvenes ninis ecuatorianos y se determinan los factores que aumentan la probabilidad de que un joven no estudie ni trabaje. Para esto, modelos logit son estimados a partir de la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida del 2014. Los resultados sugieren que los jóvenes de familias de baja renta, las mujeres, los jóvenes que habitan en el área urbana y los pertenecientes a las minorías étnicas son más propensos a convertirse en un nini.

Los accidentes de tránsito constituyen una gran problemática de salud pública en el mundo. Según estimaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 2017) anualmente mueren cerca 1.3 millones de personas por causas relacionadas con accidentes de tránsito. Adicionalmente, según el mismo organismo, anualmente, entre 20 y 50 millones de personas sufren heridas o quedan discapacitadas producto de un accidente de tránsito. En el Ecuador, los accidentes de tránsito constituyen una gran problemática económica, social y de salud pública, siendo una de las principales causas de muerte. Durante los últimos años, la tasa de fallecidos por accidentes de tránsito ha ido en aumento, convirtiendo al Ecuador en uno de los países con mayor tasa de mortalidad de América Latina. En este artículo se analizan los accidentes de tránsito desde dos enfoques: i) pronóstico de accidentes de tránsito, ii) determinantes humanos y físicos de mayor incidencia en los siniestros de tránsito considerando los cuatro tipos de vehículos más utilizados en el Ecuador: motocicletas, vehículos livianos, comerciales, de pasajeros y pesados. Para esto se estimó un modelo ARIMA siguiendo la metodología de Box-Jenkins y un modelo logit multinomial, respectivamente. Los datos fueron proporcionados por la Policía Nacional y corresponden al periodo 2015, 2016, 2017 y 2018.

RESUMO Por que em alguns países há mais redistribuição de renda do que em outros? A questão é relevante, não apenas para o desenho de sistemas de tributação e de políticas redistributivas, mas também para uma melhor compreensão do surgimento de conflitos sociais ou da posição (in)tolerante dos habitantes de um país frente a situações de desigualdade social. A literatura, centrada em estudos para países desenvolvidos, aponta que as chamadas "preferências por redistribuição" dependem de inúmeros fatores, tanto de ordem macro como microeconômica. Neste trabalho se combinam dados de três fontes distintas para se estimar um modelo multinível com dados empilhados e um pseudopainel, a fim de se analisar o efeito da desigualdade de renda na demanda por redistribuição na América Latina. Os resultados revelam que a probabilidade de apoio a políticas redistributivas aumenta em países/momentos com desigualdade mais elevada, e também indicam que os pobres estariam demandando sociedades mais igualitárias.

PurposeAlthough previous research has examined the role of franchising for the economic development of countries, no empirical study to date has investigated the importance of franchising for social, infrastructural, and institutional development. The authors address this research gap by applying research results from the field of sustainable entrepreneurship and highlight that franchising has a positive impact on economic, social, institutional and infrastructural development.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a fixed-effects model on a panel dataset for 2006–2015 from 49 countries to test the hypothesis that franchising positively influences various dimensions of country development such as economic social institutional and infrastructural development.FindingsThe findings highlight that franchising has a positive impact on the economic, social, infrastructural, and institutional development of a country. Specifically, the results show that the earlier and the more franchising systems enter a country, the stronger the positive impact of franchising on the country's economic, social, institutional, and infrastructural development.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has several limitations that provide directions for further research. First, the empirical investigation is limited by the characteristics of the data, which are composed of information from 49 countries (covering a period of 10 years). Because franchising is not recognized as a form of entrepreneurial governance in many emerging and developing countries, the available information is mainly provided by the franchise associations in the various countries. Hence, there is a need to collect additional data in each country and to include additional countries. Second, although the authors included developed and developing countries in the analysis, the authors could not differentiate between developed and developing countries when testing the hypotheses, because the database was not sufficiently complete. Third, future studies should analyze the causality issue between franchising and development more closely. The role of franchising in development may be changing depending on different unobserved country factors, economic sector characteristics, or development stages.Practical implicationsWhat are the practical implications of this study for the role of franchising in the development of emerging and developing economies? Because public policy in emerging and developing countries suffers from a lack of financial resources to improve the social, infrastructural and institutional environment, entrepreneurs, such as franchisors who expand into these countries, play an important role for these countries' development. In addition to their entrepreneurial role of exploring and exploiting profit opportunities, they are social, institutional, and political entrepreneurs who may positively influence country development (Schaltegger and Wagner, 2011; Shepard and Patzelt, 2011). Specifically, the findings highlight that countries with an older franchise sector (more years of franchise experience) may realize first-mover advantages and hence larger positive spillover effects on their economic, social, institutional and infrastructural development than countries with a younger franchise sector. Hence, governments of emerging and developing countries have the opportunity and responsibility to reduce potential market entry barriers and provide additional incentives for franchise systems in order to trigger these positive spillover effects. The authors expect that the spillover effects from the franchise sector on the economic, institutional, social and infrastructural development of a country are stronger in emerging and developing countries than in developed countries.Originality/valuePrevious research has focused on the impact of franchising on the economic development of a country, such as its growth of gross domestic product (GDP), employment, business skills, innovation and technology transfer. This study extends the existing literature by going beyond the impact of franchising on economic development: the results show that franchising as an entrepreneurial activity offers opportunities for economic, social, institutional, and infrastructural development, all of which are particularly important for emerging and developing economies. The findings of this study contribute to the international franchise and development economics literature by offering a better understanding of the impact of franchising on country development.

ResumenEn los últimos años, la tasa de participación laboral femenina ha aumentado a nivel mundial. En este contexto, las mujeres incrementaron sus responsabilidades al desempeñarse como madres y trabajadoras. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la influencia de los programas de cuidado infantil en el empleo materno en el Ecuador. Para esto, fueron estimados modelos con variables dependientes cualitativas usando los datos de la ECV 2013-2014. Los resultados muestran que, los programas de cuidado infantil públicos y privados son poco utilizados en el Ecuador y que las mujeres prefieren el cuidado informal.Palabras Clave: Bienestar, cuidado infantil, empleo materno. AbstractDuring the last years, the female labor force participation rate has increased worldwide. In this context, women have increased their responsibilities as mothers and workers. This research aims to study the influence of early childhood care on maternal employment in Ecuador. For this reason, models with qualitative dependent variables were estimated using Living Conditions Survey 2013-2014 database. The results show that public and private child care are not popular in Ecuador and that women prefer informal care.