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Gastrointestinal (GIT) diseases have risen globally in recent years, and early detection of the host’s gut microbiota, typically through fecal material, has become a crucial component for rapid diagnosis of such diseases. Human fecal material is a complex substance composed of undigested macromolecules and particles, and the processing of such matter is a challenge due to the unstable nature of its products and the complexity of the matrix. The identification of these products can be used as an indication for present and future diseases; however, many researchers focus on one variable or marker looking for specific biomarkers of disease. Therefore, the combination of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabonomics can give a detailed and complete insight into the gut environment. The proper sample collection, sample preparation and accurate analytical methods play a crucial role in generating precise microbial data and hypotheses in gut microbiome research, as well as multivariate data analysis in determining the gut microbiome functionality in regard to diseases. This review summarizes fecal sample protocols involved in profiling coeliac disease.

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Almost every abiotic surface of a material is readily colonised by bacteria, algae, and fungi, contributing to the degradation processes of materials. Both biocorrosion and microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) refer to the interaction of microbial cells and their metabolic products, such as exopolymeric substances (EPS), with an abiotic surface. Therefore, biofouling and biodeterioration of manufactured goods have economic and environmental ramifications for the user to tackle or remove the issue. While MIC is typically applied to metallic materials, newly developed and evolving materials frequently succumb to the effects of corrosion, resulting in a range of chemical reactions and transport mechanisms occurring in the material. Recent research on biocorrosion and biofouling of conventional and novel materials is discussed in this paper, showcasing the current knowledge regarding microbial and material interactions that contribute to biocorrosion and biofouling, including biofilms, anaerobic and aerobic environments, microbial assault, and the various roles microorganisms’ play. Additionally, we show the latest analytical techniques used to characterise and identify MIC on materials using a borescope, thermal imaging, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical and epifluorescence microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, and chemometrics.