-In this paper, we suggest a method to improve the fusion of an accelerometer and gyro sensor by using a Kalman filter to produce a more high-quality respiration signal to supplement the weakness of using a single accelerometer. To evaluate our proposed algorithm's performance, we developed a chest belt-type module. We performed experiments consisting of aerobic exercise and muscular exercises with 10 subjects. We compared the derived respiration signal from the accelerometer with that from our algorithm using the standard respiration signal from the piezoelectric sensor in the time and frequency domains during the aerobic and muscular exercises. We also analyzed the time delay to verify the synchronization between the output and standard signals. We confirmed that our algorithm improved the respiratory rate's detection accuracy by 4.6% and 9.54% for the treadmill and leg press, respectively, which are dynamic. We also confirmed a small time delay of about 0.638 s on average. We determined that real-time monitoring of the respiration signal is possible.In conclusion, our suggested algorithm can acquire a more high-quality respiration signal in a dynamic exercise environment away from a limited static environment to provide safer and more effective exercises and improve exercise sustainability.

Inflammation is the body’s physiological response to harmful agents. However, if not regulated properly, inflammation can become pathological. Macrophages are key players in the inflammatory process, and modulate the immune response. Due to the side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, non-pharmaceutical therapies for inflammatory diseases must be developed. Photobiomodulation is a non-invasive therapeutic approach to treating certain pathological conditions using light energy. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are commonly used as light sources for photobiomodulation treatment, but their clinical applications are limited. Organic LEDs (OLEDs) are thin, lightweight and flexible, enabling consistent and even delivery of light energy to target areas; this makes OLED promising components for therapeutic devices. In the present study, we examined the effects of OLED treatment on inflammation in vitro using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage RAW264.7 cell model, and in vivo using a pinna skin mouse model. We found that LPS-induced morphological changes and inflammatory cytokine expression were significantly reduced in RAW264.7 cells subjected to OLED treatment compared to the LPS-induced controls. This work provides evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of OLEDs, demonstrating their potential to be incorporated into medical devices in the future.

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