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Wall shear stress (WSS) is considered as a key factor for atherosclerosis development. Previous WSS research based on pulsed wave Doppler (PWD) showed limitations in complex flows. To improve accuracy for nonlaminar flow, a commercial ultrasound vector flow imaging (UVFI)‐based WSS calculation is proposed. Errors for PWD are presented theoretically when flow is not laminar. Based on this, simulations of WSS calculations between PWD and UVFI were set up for different turbulent flows. Our simulations show that UVFI has obviously better performance than PWD in WSS calculations. Wall shear stress results in different flow conditions at carotid bifurcations are described.
We theoretically investigate the dually dressed electromagnetically induced transparency, and the multidressed four-wave mixing ͑FWM͒ and six-wave mixing ͑SWM͒ processes in an inverted-Y-type atomic system with Zeeman sublevels. The results show that the Zeeman degeneracy of the dark states can be lifted by the dressing field as its intensity is increased. Moreover, the derived analytical expressions indicate that one can, for example, selectively create secondary dark states on the multi-Zeeman-sublevel dark states ͑by tuning the coupling field͒, distinguish two different types of dark states generated in two FWM processes ͑by properly controlling the coupling field intensity͒, and selectively enhance multi-FWM signals coming from various paths consisting of split Zeeman sublevels ͑by tuning the dressing field͒. The SWM signals can be either enhanced or suppressed by controlling the dressing field.
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