<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In India, , as per mandate of hon'ble Supreme Court of India for reduction of emission due to vehicles, compressed natural gas (CNG) powered city buses and passengers cars are in use since 2000. Their usage is limited to metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore etc. due to limitation of CNG storage and dispensing infrastructure along with low energy density storage. High energy density liquid form of natural gas storage (LNG) can overcome these difficulties and promising in near future. Simultaneously, there is a need for development of efficient fuel storage system, fuel supply system, engine optimization &amp; calibration, engine lubricant etc. suitable for implementation of LNG for automotive application. In this background, the present work is aimed at the framework of engine testing facility, development of dedicated lubricant and performance of the engine for LNG application.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes LNG engine test lab standard operating procedure developed during the LNG internal combustion engine dynamometer testing programme. Due to safety requirement, it is neither advisable nor permissible to connect large LNG cryogenic tankers to engine test bench. Hence, state of the art small &amp; portable cryogenic LNG tank (450 Lit water capacity (WC)) comprised of vacuum and super insulated layered configuration manufactured as per International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 21029-1 and type tested according to ISO-12991 was designed as horizontal tank to transport LNG from large LNG cryogenic tanker to engine testing site. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standard complied LNG engine testing facility was developed and forced convection heat transfer methodology applied for avoiding icing at re-gasified liquefied natural gas (RLNG) fuel line.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents the development of dedicated lubricant for LNG fuelled heavy duty (HD) engine and establishment of oil drain interval and evaluation was done on 6-cylinder HD engine using LNG fuel. The engine was optimized for using LNG fuel. Initial performance of the engine using LNG was compared vis-à-vis CNG and, thereafter, the engine was subjected to endurance test of 1500 hours as per engine simulated driving cycle that closely represents road drive conditions to validate the technology and to establish the drain interval of lubricant. Further, to access the actual performance, limited field trials of 30,000 Km with LNG fuelled busses have been completed. It has been observed that LNG shows reduction of CO, THC and CH4 emissions and NOx emissions increased as compared to CNG. However, these values meet the BS VI emission norms. Oil sampling and analysis were undertaken after completion of every 100 hrs along with performance of the engine i.e. Power (kW), Torque (Nm) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) (g/kWh) and emission characteristics. Engine performance was found satisfactory during endurance test. Developed engine oil demonstrated excellent behavior with LNG fuel and used engine oil physicochemical properties i.e. Kinematic viscosity@100°C, Total Base number (TBN), Total acid number (TAN), oxidation, nitration and wear elements (Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Aluminum (AL), Lead (Pb)) were reported well within the permissible limit. The study shows that the lubricant can be used for LNG application.</div></div>

Introduction: Renal stone formation and the predominant chemical stone composition are age and gender dependent. The most common stones are struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), calcium oxalate, urate, cystine and silica. The most common type of kidney stones worldwide contains calcium. The process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and/or urethra (urinary tract) is called as Urolithiasis. Urinary calculi may cause obstruction, hydronephrosis, infection and hemorrhage in the urinary tract system. Citrus species were used in traditional practices as remedies for the urolithiasis have been well established in vivo-vitro test, clinical trial and effective use but are lacking well documented record. Citrus limon (L.) is tree with evergreen leaves and yellow edible fruits from the family Rutaceae. Citrus aurantiumL commonly called as bitter orange. Citrus medica Linn.,commonly known as a Citron in English and bijapura in Ayurvedic literature is shrub or small tree. All three are reported to use in treatment of wide panel of diseases like antiurolithic activity, stomach ache, vomiting antifungal and antibacterialetc. Urolithiasis was introduced by administration of ethylene glycol in rats. Standard drug treated group, the urinary outputs increased significantly. Body weight of all animals measured on day 0, 14 and 28 of calculi induction to assess the effect of treatment on body weight. The collection of urine from rats scheduled to be every seven days from calculi induction. C. aurantinum extract showed significantly increase in urinary output. The collected urine stored in 4ºC. The analysis of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, creatinine, uric acid, protein, urea nitrogen and oxalate recorded.300 mg/kg of combined extract of all three plants show significant result compare to individual plant response.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract