Ocular drug delivery by conventional routes of administration does not maintain therapeutic drug concentrations in the target tissues for a long duration because of various anatomical and physiological barriers. Treatment of diseases of the posterior segment of the eye requires novel drug delivery systems that can overcome these barriers for efficacious delivery, provide controlled release for the treatment of chronic diseases, and increase patient's and doctor's convenience to reduce the dosing frequency and associated side effects. Thereby, an increasing number of sustained-release drug delivery devices using different mechanisms have been developed. This article discusses various current and future sustained-release drug delivery systems for the posterior segment disorders.

Pediatric posttraumatic endophthalmitis presents with great complexities and challenges arising due to delayed presentation, difficulty in eliciting an accurate history, or trauma with unusual and highly contaminated objects. The possibility of initial misdiagnosis as panuveitis, metastatic endophthalmitis, and masquerade syndrome is also very high, which results not only in several unwarranted investigations being performed, but also a delay in the initiation of treatment. The standard treatment remains primary repair of the wound, intravitreal therapy with broad spectrum antibiotics, and parsplana vitrectomy. Despite appropriate intervention, visual outcome in children with posttraumatic endophthalmitis is dampened by additional factors like poor compliance with postoperative instructions and high risk of amblyopia. Hence, it is important to recognize that posttraumatic endophthalmitis in children differs from that in adults in several ways. We made a very tailored effort to review the published literature pertaining to posttraumatic endophthalmitis in children and herein present the results of our search.

Our study showed that repeated intravitreal bevacizumab in patients with Eales disease with dense vitreous hemorrhage may not hasten the resolution of vitreous hemorrhage or reduce the need for vitrectomy. Moreover, tractional retinal detachment may be a serious complication of therapy and hence should be closely monitored because it entails a poor visual prognosis.

Passive removal of silicone oil with 23-G transconjunctival sutureless system may hasten postoperative recovery by decreasing overall surgical time and postoperative inflammation. It is a safe and effective procedure when compared with 20-G active silicone oil removal for 1000 centistoke oil.

Antibiotic levels in the RSOF in SO-filled eyes after oral administration of ciprofloxacin in two 750-mg doses exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration for 90% of isolates (MIC(90)) for most bacterial species and was higher than levels reached in the vitreous in nonvitrectomized eyes (P = 0.001).