Abstract. We summarize the characteristics of the 43 sporadic Na (Na0 layers observed by the airborne Na density and the Haleakala Na wind/temperature lidars during the Airborne Lidar and Observations of Hawaiian Airglow/Airborne Noctilucent Cloud (ALOHA/ANLC-93) campaigns. Na• layers are clearly not a local phenomenon since the horizontal extents varied from approximately 25 to almost 1600 km with a mean of 440 km. For the majority of the Na• layers observed above Haleakala, the temperatures were significantly warmer than the mean. The average enhancement was 12.9øK or about 6%. The temperature variations typically led the Na• density variations in time and on average reached their maximum values approximately 0.7 km below and 23 min before the Na• maxima. However, the maximum temperatures and Na• densities were only weakly correlated. Strong vertical shears in the horizontal winds were observed during the majority of the Na• events. The average maximum total shear was approximately equal to the shear instability limit of 42 rn s -• km -•. The maximum shears were located on average about 0.5 km below the Na• layer. In most cases the meridional shears were significantly stronger than the zonal shears. The maximum total shears were generally directed to the N-NE and to the south. The strong temperature and wind perturbations observed during the majority of the events suggest that gravity waves play an important role in Na• formation, although the exact nature of that role remains unclear.

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An investigation of intrinsic gravity wave signatures using coordinated lidar and nightglow image measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2853Lett., 22, , 1995 Abstract. Simultaneous observations of gravity waves using an Na wind/temperature lidar and a multi-wavelength all-sky nightglow imager were obtained, for the first time, during the ALOHA-93 campaign. A novel investigation of intrinsic wave parameters has been made by combining measurements of the horizontal wave components imaged in four nightglow emissions (height range ~80-100 kin) with Na lidar soundings of the horizontal wind field and temperature profiles over the same height interval. On October 19 both instruments registered marked monochromatic wave motions. The intrinsic periods of several of these waves have been determined and were found to vary considerably with altitude, often resulting in a significant increase over their observed wave periods. It is shown that these two instrumental techniques generally sampled different regions of the gravity wave spectrum: the lidar exhibiting most sensitivity to short vertical wavelength waves (less than about 10 kin) while th6 imager was most responsive to larger vertical wavelength waves. This study illustrates the significant advantages of combining wind/temperature lidar and multi-wavelength image observations for intrinsic gravity wave measurements.

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Prominent sporadic sodium (Nas) layers, apparently associated with intense auroral activity, were observed during the 1993 Arctic Noctilucent Cloud Campaign (ANLC‐93) with an airborne sodium lidar on the August 6 flight near 51°N latitude. The peak density of the Nas layer reached 74,500 cm−3. The zonal extent of the Nas layers exceeded 1600 km. Strong auroral emissions were recorded with an all‐sky imager on the aircraft. A Michelson Interferometer was used to measure the intensity of OH nightglow between 85–90 km. OH rotational temperature exhibited no obvious correlation with the Nas layer peak density near 94 km. The data suggest a connection between the Nas layers and auroral electron precipitations. The data also support the conjecture that dust and smoke particles may play a crucial role in the Nas layer formation.