The concentrations of 41 phenols in leachates from 38 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfi ll sites in Japan were measured. The main phenols detected in leachates were phenol, three cresols, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-tertoctylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, and some chlorophenols. The concentration levels of phenols were affected by the pH values of the leachates and the different types of landfi ll waste. The origins of phenol and p-cresol were considered to be incineration residues, and the major origin of 4-tert-butylphenol, bisphenol A, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was considered to be solidifi ed fl y ash. In contrast, the major origins of 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol were considered to be incombustibles. The discharge of leachates to the environment around MSW landfi ll sites without water treatment facilities can cause environmental pollution by phenols. In particular, the disposal of incineration residues including solidifi ed fl y ash and the codisposal of solidifi ed fl y ash and incombustibles might raise the possibility of environmental pollution. Moreover, the discharge of leachates at pH values of 9.8 or more could pollute the water environment with phenol. However, phenol, 4-nonylphenol, and bisphenol A can be removed to below the con centration levels that impact the environment around landfi ll sites by a series of conventional water treatment processes.

The electric conductivities and self-diffusion coefficients in dried and water-saturated 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [BMIM][PF6], were measured at 25 and 40 °C. Although the presence of water can remarkably induce acceleration of transport properties in the ionic liquid, the ionic dissociation remains almost unchanged.

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Ullmann condensation using Cu or copper oxide as the reactant and using no base has been studied. Reactions of active N—H, O—H, and C—H compounds, RZH (imides, amides, amines, phenol, benzoic acid, and phenylacetylene), with mixtures of aryl halides and more than a stoichiometric amount of Cu or copper oxide (Cu2O or CuO) without addition of base lead to facile arylation of the active hydrogen compounds. In the arylation reaction Cu and copper oxides serve not only as the catalyst but also as the acceptor of halogen from aryl halide. The reactivity of phenyl halide, PhX, increases in the order PhCl < PhBr < Phl. Cu generally gives higher yields than Cu2O and CuO and, of the two copper oxides, Cu2O has the higher activity. The stronger the acidity of the active hydrogen compound (RZH), the more easily the compound is phenylated by the mixture of PhX and Cu; a roughly linear correlation between Ti, the temperature where the phenylation starts, and the pKa value of the active hydrogen compound has been observed. A mechanism involving initial formation of an RZ—Cu species by the reaction between RZH and Cu or copper oxide and ensuing attack of organic halide at the RZ—Cu species is proposed.