Objective. To understand neural circuit dynamics, it is critical to manipulate and record many individual neurons. Traditional recording methods, such as glass microelectrodes, can only control a small number of neurons. More recently, devices with high electrode density have been developed, but few of them can be used for intracellular recording or stimulation in intact nervous systems. Carbon fiber electrodes (CFEs) are 8 micron-diameter electrodes that can be assembled into dense arrays (pitches ≥ 80 µm). They have good signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and provide stable extracellular recording both acutely and chronically in neural tissue in vivo (e.g., rat motor cortex). The small fiber size suggests that arrays could be used for intracellular stimulation. Approach. We tested CFEs for intracellular stimulation using the large identified and electrically compact neurons of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. Neuron cell bodies in Aplysia range from 30 µm to over 250 µm. We compared the efficacy of CFEs to glass microelectrodes by impaling the same neuron’s cell body with both electrodes and connecting them to a DC coupled amplifier. Main Results. We observed that intracellular waveforms were essentially identical, but the amplitude and SNR in the CFE were lower than in the glass microelectrode. CFE arrays could record from 3 to 8 neurons simultaneously for many hours, and many of these recordings were intracellular, as shown by simultaneous glass microelectrode recordings. CFEs coated with platinum-iridium could stimulate and had stable impedances over many hours. CFEs not within neurons could record local extracellular activity. Despite the lower SNR, the CFEs could record synaptic potentials. CFEs were less sensitive to mechanical perturbations than glass microelectrodes. Significance. The ability to do stable multi-channel recording while stimulating and recording intracellularly make CFEs a powerful new technology for studying neural circuit dynamics.

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To understand neural circuit dynamics, it is critical to manipulate and record from many neurons, ideally at the single neuron level. Traditional recording methods, such as glass microelectrodes, can only control a small number of neurons. More recently, devices with high electrode density have been developed, but few of them can be used for intracellular recording or stimulation in intact nervous systems, rather than on neuronal cultures. Carbon fiber electrodes (CFEs) are 8 micron-diameter electrodes that can be organized into arrays with pitches as low as 80 μm. They have been shown to have good signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and are capable of stable extracellular recording during both acute and chronic implantation in vivo in neural tissue such as rat motor cortex. Given the small fiber size, it is possible that they could be used in arrays for intracellular stimulation. We tested this using the large identified and electrically compact neurons of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. The cell bodies of neurons in Aplysia range in size from 30 to over 250 μm. We compared the efficacy of CFEs to glass microelectrodes by impaling the same neuron's cell body with both electrodes and connecting them to a DC coupled amplifier. We observed that intracellular waveforms were essentially identical, but the amplitude and SNR in the CFE were lower than in the glass microelectrode. CFE arrays could record from 3 to 8 neurons simultaneously for many hours, and many of these recordings were intracellular as shown by recording from the same neuron using a glass microelectrode. Stimulating through CFEs coated with platinum-iridium had stable impedances over many hours. CFEs not within neurons could record local extracellular activity. Despite the lower SNR, the CFEs could record synaptic potentials. Thus, the stability for multi-channel recording and the ability to stimulate and record intracellularly make CFEs a powerful new technology for studying neural circuit dynamics.