Abstrak. Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu flora normal pada kulit, membran mukosa, orofaring, saluran pencernaan dan vagina yang berpotensi menjadi patogen. Pertumbuhan S. aureus yang berlebihan dapat menimbulkan infeksi yang serius baik di manusia atau hewan. Dan sekarang, beberapa S. aureus dikabarkan telah resisten terhadap antibiotik karena proses mutasi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis mencoba memberi alternatif pengobatan dengan memanfaatkan ekstrak etanol gel Aloe vera yang menurut beberapa penulis lain, gel Aloe vera mengandung antraquinone, tannin, polysaccharide, flavonoid, and saponin yang bersifat sebagai antibakteri. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratorium dengan metode difusi dan dilusi. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsentrasi 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, dan 0% pada metode difusi. Sementara itu metode dilusi menggunakan konsentrasi 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125%, 1,5625% kontrol positif (+), dan kontrol negatif (-).Dari pengamatan hasil penelitian, tidak didapatkan zona inhibisi pada metode difusi serta tidak dapat ditentukan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dan konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Hal ini terkait dengan rendahnya senyawa aktif yang digunakan di sampel gel Aloe vera dalam penelitian ini akibat pengaruh dari faktor lingkungan, perbedaan usia tanaman dengan literatur awal, proses degradasi dan reaksi enzimatik, adanya perbedaan metode ekstraksi, serta proses oksidasi saat terpapar oleh udara. using 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% concentration in difusion method and using 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125%, 1,5625% concentration , positive control (+) and negative control (-) Abstract. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the normal flora in human skin, mucous membrane, oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina which potentially becomes a pathogen. The excessive growth of S. aureus can cause many serious infection whether in human or animal. And nowadays, some of S.aureus have become resistant to antibiotic caused by its mutation. According to that case, researcher try to find an alternative solution by using Aloe vera gel ethanol extract that some other researchers say it contains antraquinone, tannin, polysaccharide, flavonoid, and saponin as anti bacterial compound. This research aimed to find out the effectiveness of Aloe vera gel ethanol extract in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus.This research is designed as an laboratorium experimental with difusion and dilusion method. Test performed with

Abstract. infeksi adalah salah satu dari isu kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme patogen dan salah satu mikroorganisme yang tersering adalah Streptococcus. Terdapat 616 kasus faringitis di dunia yang disebabkan oleh Streptococcus. Penyakit tersebut dapat menimbulkan berbgai komplikasi lain bila tidak diterapi dengan baik. Pengobatan menggunakan antibiotik memiliki risiko terjadinya resistensi. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan pengembangan penelitian pada herbal sebagai pengobatan. Bunga kamboja putih (Plumeria alba) diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri melawan berbagai macam mikroorganisme. Dengan latar belakang tersebut, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan adanya aktivitas antimikroba dari Plumeria alba terhadap Streptococcus pyogenes yang dapat diamati dari Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM). Penelitian ini dikerjakan menggunakan metode eksperimental. Metode dilusi agar digunakan untuk menentukan KHM dan KBM. Konentrasi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, 62,50 mg/ml, 31.25 mg/ml, 15,63 mg/m, 7,81 mg/ml, 3,91 mg/ml, 1,95 mg/ml, 0,98 mg/ml, kontrol positif (+) dan kontrol negatif (-).Melalui observasi dari penelitian ini, KHM tidak dapat ditentukan. Nilai dari KBM adalah 7,81 mg/ml yang menunjukkan konsentrasi dimana tidak didapatkan pertumbuhan koloni bakteri. Ekstrak etanol dari bunga kamboja putih (Plumeria alba) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadapt Streptococcus pyogenes. Dalam studi in vitro ini menggunakan metode dilusi agar, KBM untuk Streptococcus pyogenes adalah 7,81 mg/ml.

Klebsiella pneumoniae Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was one of the microorganism that cause nosocomial infection which resistant to beta-lactams antibiotics. Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata) was traditional medicine which believed has antibacterial components, such as: fl avonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. In the previous studies, there was antibacterial activity in ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata againsts E.coli, K.pneumoniae, S.typhi, E.faecalis, P.aeruginosa, S.fl exneri, S.aureus, and S.sonneii with concentration 200 mg/ mL. There has not experiment about ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL yet. The aim of this study was to fi nd out the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Murraya Paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Broth dilution method with concentration 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL, 6,25 mg/mL, and 3,125 mg/mL were used for the determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). While the Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) was assessed using streaking method in Nutrient Agar Plate. The highest concentration in this study was obtained from 100 g of Murraya paniculata leaves dissolved in 500 mL of 40% ethanol. The study was carried out 4 times replication. At the time of the sterility test extract, germ growth appeared on Nutrient Agar Plate media, so the extract was fi ltered before being used for research. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours, growth of bacterial colonies on all agar plates was observed. The concentration of the ethanol extract of Murraya Paniculata (200 mg/mL) did not inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. The ethanol extracts of Murraya paniculata in concentration 200 mg/mL had no antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common surgical complications that will increase cost of treatment. The incidence of SSI can be prevented with antibiotic prophylactic. Uncompliance using of prophylactic antibiotics is one of the factors leading to the occurrence a microbes resistance. The data on the using of prophylactic antibiotics in Indonesia is still limited. Objective: This study aims to analyze the using of prophylactic antibiotic guideline on orthopaedic surgery. Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively using data from medical records on patients who had clean and clean-contaminated orthopedic procedures from 2013 to 2016 in the standard operating room of Dr. Soetomo hospital Surabaya. We analyzed the use of prophylactic antibiotics in terms of antibiotic selection, timing of administration, and the compliance to the prophylactic antibiotic local guidelines on orthopaedic surgery. Results: Overall, patient data from 2013 to 2016 was 5246 patients. The compliance rate of prophylactic antibiotics from 2013 to 2016 was 48.3%. This level of compliance uses a selection of antibiotics, dose of administration, delivery mode, delivery time, and route of administration. Conclusion: The results of this study have shown that the prophylactic antibiotic compliance rate on orthophaedic procedures in Soetomo Hospital from 2013 to 2016 was 48,3%. Antibiotic resistance control program quite effective at increasing compliance with the use of the prophylaxis antibiotics.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause various clinical manifestations. Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to methicillin, related penicillins and cephalosporins is called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The widespread of MRSA is troublesome so a new alternative substance is needed. One of the potential alternative substance is bidara leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana) because it contains tannin and flavonoid. This study aimed to determine whether bidara leaf extract has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA or not. The concentration of bidara leaf extract used are 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%. Disc diffusion method was used and all tests were performed in triplicate. The data was obtained in millimeter by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone. The result for Staphylococcus aureus in positive control (23.67 ± 6.61 mm), negative control (0.00 ± 0.00 mm), 10% concentration (0.00 ± 0.00 mm), 20% concentration (9.09 ± 0.45 mm), 30% concentration (8.90 ± 0.06 mm), 40% concentration (9.58 ± 0.11 mm), 50% concentration (9.69 ± 0.52 mm), 60% concentration (9.98 ± 0.34 mm), 70% concentration (10.05 ± 0.92 mm), 80% concentration (9.35 ± 0.26 mm), 90% concentration (9.77 ± 0.69 mm). The result for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in positive control (32.26 ± 1.93 mm), negative control (0.00 ± 0.00 mm), 10% concentration (11.25 ± 1.85 mm), 20% concentration (12.83 ± 3.47 mm), 30% concentration (13.37 ± 3.17 mm), 40% concentration (14.42 ± 3.34 mm), 50% concentration (13.44 ± 2.51 mm), 60% concentration (13.52 ± 2.24 mm), 70% concentration (16.03 ± 3.57 mm), 80% concentration (13.62 ± 2.42 mm), 90% concentration (13.06 ± 2.02 mm). Therefore, bidara leaf extract has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. The largest and smallest inhibition zone produced against both bacteria is seen at 70% concentration and 10% concentration of bidara leaf extract, respectively.