BackgroundPreviously, several studies have shown that Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptors participate in platelet activation and thrombosis. However, the role of individual receptors is not fully understood.MethodsUsing single receptor-deficient platelets from TAM knockout mice in the C57BL/6 J strain, we performed a knockout study using single TAM-deficient mice. We treated platelets isolated from TAM knockout mice with the Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) agonists convulxin, poly(PHG), and collagen-related triple-helical peptide (CRP), as well as thrombin for in-vitro experiments. We used a laser-induced cremaster arterial injury model for thrombosis experiments in vivo.ResultsDeficiency of the tyrosine kinase receptors, Axl or Tyro3, but not Mertk, inhibited aggregation, spreading, JON/A binding, and P-selectin expression of platelets in vitro. In vivo, platelet thrombus formation was significantly decreased in Axl−/− and Tyro3−/− mice, but not in Mertk−/− mice. Upon stimulation with glycoprotein VI (GPVI) agonists, tyrosine phosphorylation of signaling molecules, including spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and phospholipase C-γ2 (PLCγ2), was decreased in Axl−/− and Tyro3−/− platelets, but not in Mertk−/− platelets. While platelet aggregation induced by agonists did not differ in the presence or absence of the Gas6 neutralizing antibody, the platelet aggregation was inhibited by anti-Axl or anti-Tyro3 neutralizing antibodies antibody, but not the anti-Mertk antibody. Additionally, the recombinant extracellular domain of Axl or Tyro3, but not that of Mertk, also inhibited platelet aggregation.ConclusionsThese data suggest that Axl and Tyro3, but not Mertk, have an important role in platelet activation and thrombus formation, and mechanistically may do so by a pathway that regulates inside to outside signaling and heterotypic interactions via the extracellular domains of TAMs.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0308-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A B S T R A C TThis research traces the implementation of an information system in the form of ERP modules covering tenant and contract management in a Chinese service company. Misalignments between the ERP system specification and user needs led to the adoption of informal processes within the organisation. These processes are facilitated within an informal organisational structure and are based on human interactions undertaken within the formal organisation. Rather than to attempt to suppress the emergence of the informal organisation the company decided to channel the energies of staff involved in informal processes towards organisational goals. The company achieved this by harnessing the capabilities of what we term a hybrid ERP system, combining the functionality of a traditional (formal) ERP installation with the capabilities of Enterprise Social Software (ESS). However the company recognised that the successful operation of the hybrid ERP system would require a number of changes in organisational design in areas such as reporting structures and communication channels. A narrative provided by interviews with company personnel is thematised around the formal and informal characteristics of the organisation as defined in the literature. This leads to a definition of the characteristics of the hybrid organisation and strategies for enabling a hybrid organisation, facilitated by a hybrid ERP system, which directs formal and informal behaviour towards organisational goals and provides a template for future hybrid implementations.

The chapter discusses both the complementary factors and contradictions of adoption ERP-based systems with Enterprise 2.0. ERP is well known as IT’s efficient business process management. Enterprise 2.0 supports flexible business process management, informal, and less structured interactions. Traditional studies indicate efficiency and flexibility may seem incompatible because they are different business objectives and may exist in different organizational environments. However, the chapter breaks traditional norms that combine ERP and Enterprise 2.0 in a single enterprise to improve both efficient and flexible operations simultaneously. Based on multiple case studies, the chapter analyzes the benefits and risks of the combination of ERP with Enterprise 2.0 from process, organization, and people paradigms.

Recently, the importance of informal systems to provide better communication between people and enterprise systems has been realized, as technologies are never fully "stabilized" or "complete", due to innovations in areas such as material technology and establishment of new standards (Orlikowski, 2002). For example, Gebauer and Schober (2006) highlight the use of flexibility to support business processes to accommodate uncertainties in the competitive markets in a communication technology manufacturing firm. Bruno et al. (2011) describe an informal communication software application that is used in a manufacturing firm in order to increase flexibility and help deal with uncertainty by encouraging the involvement of experienced employees. Sociomaterial theory (Orlikowski and Scott, 2008) concerns ensuring that the relationship between knowledge and practice are mutually constitutive. The term "informal" is originally from organisation management theory, and refers to the emergent patterns of business behaviour that are relatively "loose", "spontaneous" and involve "casual social intercourse and comportment" (Morand, 1995). Rules of conduct imply informal and implicit consents, such as customs, traditions,

No abstract