Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM. Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.

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Background: In a hypoxic state, fatty acid breakdown reaction may be inhibited due to a lack of oxygen. It is likely that the fatty acids will be stored as triacylglycerol. The aim of this study was to analyse triacylglycerol synthesis in the liver after intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (HH) exposures. Methods: Samples are liver tissues from 25 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control group (normoxia), group I (once HH exposure), group II (twice HH exposures), group III (three-times HH exposures) and group IV (four-times HH exposures). The triacylglycerol level, mRNA expression of HIF-1α and PPAR-γ were measured in rat liver from each group. Results:We demonstrated that triacylglycerol level, mRNA expression of HIF-1α and PPAR-γ is elevated in group I significantly compared to control group. In the intermittent HH groups (group II, III and IV), mRNA expression of HIF-1α and PPAR-γ tends to downregulate near to control group. However, the triacylglycerol level is still found increased in the intermittent HH exposures groups. Significant increasing of triacylglycerol level was found especially in group IV compared to control group. Conclusions: We conclude that intermittent HH exposures will increase the triacylglycerol level in rat liver, supported by the increasing of HIF-1α and PPAR-γ mRNA expression that act as transcription factor to promote triacylglycerol synthesis.

Abstrak Batu empedu merupakan penyakit yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Analisis komposisi batu empedu penting untuk mengetahui penyebab, dasar metabolisme pembentukannya, faktor risiko, serta untuk edukasi diet terhadap pasien. Komposisi batu empedu tersebut dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor termasuk usia dan jenis kelamin. Sampai saat ini belum terdapat data analisis komposisi dan distribusi batu empedu di Jakarta. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi dan distribusi batu empedu yang dihubungkan dengan usia dan jenis kelamin. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross-sectional menggunakan 230 data sekunder hasil analisis komposisi batu empedu di Laboratorium Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler FKUI dalam periode 3 tahun terakhir (tahun 2017 – 2019). Analisis batu dilakukan dengan uji Salkowski untuk menilai kolesterol serta uji kalsium, karbonat, Fe, pigmen empedu, dan fosfat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa batu empedu sebesar 1,3% merupakan batu murni dan 98,7% merupakan batu campuran. Komposisi terbanyak pada batu campuran yaitu kolesterol (83,91%). Batu empedu paling banyak ditemukan pada perempuan kelompok usia 40—49 tahun (27%). Terdapat hubungan komposisi kolesterol dengan usia (p<0,05) namun tidak terdapat hubungan (p>0,05) dengan jenis kelamin (p>0,05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu kolesterol merupakan penyusun komposisi batu empedu yang terbanyak yang berhubungan dengan usia, namun tidak berhubungan dengan jenis kelamin. Kata kunci: Batu Empedu, Distribusi, Komposisi, Kolesterol Abstract Gallstones are a disease that is commonly found in Indonesian. Analysis of the composition of gallstones is important to determine the etiology, the metabolic basis of its formation, risk factors, and to educate for the patient's diet. The composition of gallstones can be influenced by various factors including age and sex. Until now there is no data analysis of the composition and distribution of gallstones in Jakarta. Thus, this study aims to analyze the composition and distribution of gallstones that are associated with age and sex. This study is a cross-sectional study using 230 secondary data from the analysis of the composition of gallstones in the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of FMUI in the last 3 years period (2017 - 2019). Stone analysis was carried out with the Salkowski test to assess cholesterol and also calcium, carbonate, Fe, bile pigment, and phosphate assays. The results showed that 1.3% gallstones were pure stones and 98.7% were mixed stones. The most composition in mixed stones is cholesterol (83.91%). Gallstones are most commonly found in women in the age group of 40-49 years (27%). There is a correlation between cholesterol composition with age (p <0.05) but there is no relationship (p> 0.05) with gender (p> 0.05). This study concluded that cholesterol was the most common constituent of gallstone. Its levels increased with age and did not differ significantly between genders. Keywords: Gallstone, Composition, Distribution, Cholesterol

Filariasis, transmitted by the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus, is still a global public health issue. Resistance to Cx. quinquefasciatus is caused by the eradication of filariasis with synthetic insecticides. The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of pure camphor on Cx. quinquefasciatus, with a focus on detoxifying enzymes and midgut histopathological abnormalities. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae are field-collected wild-strain larvae. The WHO protocol was followed for the larval bioassays. Pure camphor concentrations of 0.5, 1.5, 10.5, 25.5, and 50 ppm were applied to larvae for 24, 48, and 72 h, with 5 replications. The biochemical method was used to test detoxification enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase. The routine histopathological examination was performed on the larvae's histopathological midguts. At 48 h, pure camphor caused 100% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. LC50 and LC90 values were found to be 2.32 and 12.40 ppm respectively. AChE and oxidase activity were both significantly lower (p<0.05). Damage to the food bolus (FB) and peritrophic membrane (PM ), broken epithelial layers (EP), changes in the size and shape of epithelial cells (EC), and microvilli (M v) damage were all observed in larval midguts. In our study, pure camphor demonstrated larvicidal activity via decreased AChE and oxidase act ivity, as well as midgut damage.