The aim of the study was to compare the potential danger for human health caused by pollution in both underground and surface water sources with the fungicide pydiflumetofen and herbicides amicarbazone and bicyclopyrone in a wide range of soil-climatic conditions. Three methods were used: determination of the integral hazard vector (R); predicting the negative impact of pesticides on the health of the population by integral groundwater contamination hazard index (IGCHI), and a comprehensive risk assessment of the negative effects of pesticides on human body, when they are washed out into water (Р). It was found that the highest level of danger for public health due to possible pollution of water sources, is inherent in bicyclopyrone regardless of the soil-climatic conditions and the used assessment method (R=144.6-173.2 – very high potential hazard; IGCHI=12 points – extremely dangerous for humans, 1А class). Pydiflumetofen has a high potential integral vector hazard (R=115.8-137.5) and simultaneously by the value of the IGCHI (7-9 points) can be assessed from dangerous (2 class) to highly dangerous (1B class) for humans, depending on soil-climatic conditions. Amicarbazone by IGCHI (11 points) is extremely dangerous for humans (1A class), and at the same time by the integral vector (R=76.8-122.5) its potential danger varies from medium to high, depending on the soil-climatic conditions. Assessing the risk of the investigated pesticides, based on the comparison between potential exposure and the permissible daily intake it was concluded that the potential risk of adverse effects on public health (P) of all investigated substances is acceptable.
Резюме. Оцінка та мінімізація ризику шкідливого впливу пестицидів на здоров’я населення є важливим завданням профілактичної медицини. Зокрема, вивчення міграції нових пестицидів у системі «ґрунт – рослина» є актуальним з огляду на провідну роль перорального шляху їх надходження в організм людини. Мета дослідження – встановити закономірності транслокації з ґрунту в сільськогосподарські культури нових пестицидів: тріазолонового гербіциду амікарбазону, трикетонового гербіциду біциклопірону та карбоксамідного фунгіциду підіфлуметофену. Матеріали і методи. Проведено математичне моделювання міграції досліджуваних пестицидів у системі «ґрунт – рослина» з використанням рівнянь регресії, що описують залежність між гранично допустимою концентрацією (ГДК) речовини у ґрунті та її максимально допустимим рівнем (МДР) в продуктах харчування рослинного походження (І етап). У 3-х серіях лабораторних гігієнічних експериментів вивчено транслокацію амікарбазону, біциклопірону та підіфлуметофену в системі «ґрунт – рослина» (ІІ етап). Визначення вмісту досліджуваних речовин в зеленій масі хлібних зернових та овочевих культур здійснено методом високоефективної рідинної хроматографії. Результати. Пороговими концентраціями в ґрунті за транслокаційним показником шкідливості визнано концентрації: амікарбазону – 0,2 мг/кг, біциклопірону – 0,25 мг/кг, підіфлуметофену – 0,12 мг/кг, які формуються в орному шарі ґрунту при внесенні досліджуваних пестицидів відповідно у 4-х, 5-и і 2-х максимальних нормах витрати і при яких вміст речовин у зеленій масі усіх фіто-тестів рослин не перевищить гігієнічно значущий рівень 0,02 мг/кг, 0,02 мг/кг та 0,01 мг/кг відповідно. Порівнюючи результати І та ІІ етапів дослідження, встановлено, що експериментально визначена порогова концентрація у ґрунті амікарбазону співпала із результатом математичного моделювання; біциклопірону – незначно (на 39 %) перевищила розрахунковий результат; підіфлуметофену – виявилася у 2,4 раза вищою за розрахункове значення. Висновки. Встановлено, що міграція амікарбазону, біциклопірону та підіфлуметофену з ґрунту не перевищить їх гігієнічно значущий рівень у рослинах при їх вмісті у ґрунті відповідно 0,2 мг/кг; 0,25 мг/кг; 0,12 мг/кг і нижче. Метод математичного моделювання транслокації продемонстрував достатню прогностичну спроможність стосовно усіх 3 досліджуваних пестицидів. Отримані результати використані при обґрунтуванні ГДК амікарбазону, біциклопірону та підіфлуметофену в ґрунті.
Annotation. A great danger to the environment and the health of the population is the release of chemical substances of technogenic origin, in particular plant protection products into the atmospheric air. The aim of the study was to evaluate the hazard of harmful inhalation impact on the human body of new pesticides: triazolone herbicide amicarbazone, tricetone herbicide bicyclopyrone, and carboxamide fungicide pydiflumetofen, during their migration from soil to the lower atmospheric air layer. Mathematical modeling of the process of evaporation of the studied pesticides from soil to the atmospheric air was carried out and comparison of the maximum achievable concentrations with the average lethal concentration during acute inhalation exposure and hygienic standards in the air environment. Experimental study of the behavior of amicarbazone, bicyclopyrone, and pydiflumetofen in the "soil - atmospheric air" system was carried out in laboratory conditions. The concentrations of the studied substances in the air were determined by the method of high - performance liquid chromatography. It was established that amicarbazone, bicyclopyrone, and pydiflumetofen are non - volatile under saturated vapor pressure and Henry's law constant, and low - risk by the coefficient of possible inhalation poisoning. Acute inhalation poisoning as a result of evaporation from the soil into the lower atmospheric air layer is unlikely. The maximum achievable concentrations of the studied pesticides that can form in the air as a result of evaporation from the soil are significantly lower than their hygienic standards in the working zone. The migration levels of the studied substances from soil to the lower atmospheric air layer depend on their initial concentrations and the type of soil: bicyclopyrone and pydiflumetofen migrate more intensively from sandy soil than from leached chernozem. Threshold concentrations in the soil according to the air – migration indicator of harmfulness: amicarbazone – 0.05 mg/kg, bicyclopyrone – 1.0 mg/kg and pydiflumetofen – 1.2 mg/kg are formed in the plow layer of soil when researched pesticides are introduced according to 1th, 20th and 20th maximum consumption rates. The “soil - atmospheric air” system is not a leading link to the migration of the studied pesticides in the environment. The obtained results were used in the substantiation of hygienic standard of amicarbazone, bicyclopyrone and pydiflumetofen in soil.
The aim: Risk assessment of amicarbazone, bicyclopyrone and pydiflumetofen to public health as potential contaminants of groundwater and surface water sources in soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine in comparison with other countries. Materials and methods: Hazard assessment to public health was performed according to 3 methods: determination of integrated danger vector (R), integrated groundwater contamination hazard index (IGCHI), risk of adverse effects of studied pesticides to public health (RAEP). Results: The assessment of R and IGCHI indicators showed that the highest level of potential danger to public health due to possible contamination of water sources in Ukraine and other countries (EU, USA, Australia) is inherent in bicyclopyrone. According to the vector R, the potential risk of groundwater contamination with amicarbazone is estimated from medium to high in different soil and climatic conditions; pydiflumetofen - as high; according to IGCHI amicarbazone is recognized as extremely hazardous for humans, while pydiflumetofen can be classified as both hazardous (particularly in Ukraine) and highly hazardous. At the same time, the comparison of potential and permissible exposures showed that the risk of harmful effects on the human body (RAEP) of all 3 substances is acceptable. Conclusions: The risk of contamination of groundwater and surface water with amicarbazone and bicyclopyrone in Ukraine is quite high and coincides with that in other countries; pydiflumetofen in Ukraine shows less migration ability than in some soil and climatic conditions of other countries. Danger assessment of the studied pesticides to public health as potential contamination of water sources in Ukraine and other countries is generally identical.
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