No abstract

No abstract

The chapter describes the history and current state of the art in gas hydrate technology. Both industrial and naturally occurring gas hydrates are described, with effects of other flow assurance subjects, paraffin wax, and corrosion. Authors formulate priority areas for the academic research on gas hydrates. Some data and tools for practicing engineers are provided on the stability and properties of natural gas hydrates, as well as their transformation in the production and transport of petroleum and gas in real geological formations, with references to literature to find more data. The chapter includes an example and specifics of commercial development of the Messoyakha accumulation of hydrated gas, and a discussion of the potential effect of gas hydrates on the environment and process safety.

No abstract

A common chemical used in petroleum industry for preventing hydrates is methanol. Other alcohols and glycols (thermodynamic inhibitors) can also be used to shift hydrate formation to lower temperatures and higher pressures. A new family of chemicals called kinetic inhibitors delays the formation of hydrates, but does not change the equilibrium formation conditions. We have constructed several new types of apparatus and present results on the kinetics of hydrate formation and dissociation in static and dynamic conditions with fresh water and different solutions of water, seawater, and with thermodynamic and kinetic inhibitors. We also present new morphological forms of hydrate crystal growth in different static and dynamic conditions.