Secretion systems are employed by bacteria to transport macromolecules across membranes without compromising their integrities. Processes including virulence, colonization, and motility are highly dependent on the secretion of effector molecules toward the immediate cellular environment, and in some cases, into the host cytoplasm. In Type II and Type III secretion systems, as well as in Type IV pili, homomultimeric complexes known as secretins form large pores in the outer bacterial membrane, and the localization and assembly of such 1 MDa molecules often relies on pilotins or accessory proteins. Significant progress has been made toward understanding details of interactions between secretins and their partner proteins using approaches ranging from bacterial genetics to cryo electron microscopy. This review provides an overview of the mode of action of pilotins and accessory proteins for T2SS, T3SS, and T4PS secretins, highlighting recent near‐atomic resolution cryo‐EM secretin complex structures and underlining the importance of these interactions for secretin functionality.
The traditional teaching methodology has been ineffective in stimulating the interest of students, a problem that gets worse when teaching biochemistry, which seems like an abstract and complex course.
ResumoA metodologia tradicional de ensino tem sido ineficaz em conquistar o interesse dos alunos, problema que se agrava no ensino da bioquímica, que aparenta ser uma disciplina abstrata e complexa. Uma das estratégias de intervenção didática que vem sendo sugerida nos últimos anos consiste na Gamificação. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados conceitos de jogos para a criação de uma mecânica onde os alunos recebem pontos por desenvolver ações durante o semestre, que podem ser gastos em uma loja que vende benefícios que podem afetar sua performance. A disciplina gamificada foi aplicada a alunos do curso de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Pará. A motivação foi analisada através de questionário que avaliou a experiência subjetiva dos participantes, no qual os alunos consideraram o curso interessante, agradável e divertido. Esta metodologia apresenta-se como um complemento a outros métodos de ensino, sendo de implementação simples, flexível e sem custo.Palavras-chave: Gamificação; Motivação; Engajamento
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