Electrochemical properties of bismuth composite electrode are investigated as potential negative electrode for lithium ion batteries. The electrode shows severe capacity decay typically observed in the case of alloy-based materials, using a conventional carbonate-based electrolyte solution. The electrode maintained only 10 % of the theoretical capacity after 25 cycles of lithiation/delithiation process. The electrode shows poor coulombic efficiency of < 90% during the initial 15 cycles. On the other hand, the bismuth composite electrode shows excellent cycling performance in the 2M LiBH4 in THF solution. The electrode maintained >98% of reversible capacity, even after 50 cycles. The bismuth electrode cycled in the LiBH4 electrolyte maintained relatively large bismuth particles compared with the electrode cycled in the carbonatebased electrolyte. In situ FTIR study proved the carbonate-based electrolyte forms passivation layer <0.7 V vs. Li, while the LiBH4 electrolyte does not passivate the electrode surface.

Our findings confirmed that the mean IOP, but not the IOP fluctuation, is strongly associated with the development of a VFD in cases of PPG.

Purpose: To report two cases with corneal sterile infiltration presumably due to topical ocular hypotensive agent. Method: Case report. Results: Case 1: A 65-year-old man presented with corneal opacity and neovascularization in his left eye. A diagnosis of glaucoma was made 2 years previously, and anti-glaucoma agents were prescribed (brimonidine tartrate, ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate, and brinzolamide) for both eyes. Case 2: A 75-year-old woman noticed corneal opacity in the left eye. A diagnosis of glaucoma was made 35 years previously, and anti-glaucoma agents were prescribed (brimonidine tartrate, 1% dorzolamide, and bimatoprost) for both eyes. In both cases, ocular examination revealed follicular conjunctivitis and blepharitis in both eyes, and corneal sterile infiltration with neovascularization in the left eyes. The three topical drugs were discontinued and replaced with 0.1% fluorometholone. Both the blepharitis and corneal sterile infiltration improved thereafter, although corneal opacity remained across the stromal layer. Conclusion: We encountered two cases of corneal and conjunctival complications that were suspected as side effects after brimonidine eye drop use. Special care should be taken to observe the condition of ocular surface when topical brimonidine is administered.

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