Objective:To check the antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Mimusops elelngi (Bakul), Tinospora cardifolia (Giloy) and Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHX) on common endodontic pathogens like Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and staphylococcus aureus.Materials and Methods:The agar diffusion test was used to check the antimicrobial activity of the Methanolic extracts of the medicinal plants along with CHX. Six different concentrations of the tested agents were used for the study. The values of Zone of Inhibition were tabulated according to the concentration of the tested agent and data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post- hoc tests. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) values were also recorded.Results:All the plants extracts showed considerable antimicrobial activity against selected endodontic pathogens. At 3mg. concentration, O.sanctum was the most effective against S. mutans, M. elengi showed highest zone of inhibition against E.faecalis, whereas CHX was the most effective agent against S.aureus. CHX was also the most consistent of all the medicaments testes, showing inhibitory effect against all the tree pathogens at all the selected concentrations.Conclusions:The Methanolic extract of A.Indica, O.sanctum, M. Elengi, T.cardifolia and Chlorhexidine Gluconate has considerable antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, E. faecalis and S. aureus.

Aims:To check the antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Mimusops elengi (Bakul), and Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) on multispecies biofilm of common endodontic pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.Settings and Design:In vitro dentin disinfection model used to check the antimicrobial efficacy of herbal extracts.Materials and Methods:The in vitro dentin disinfection model was used to check the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts of the medicinal plants along with Chlorhexidine gluconate. The polymicrobial biofilm was allowed to grow on extracted teeth sections for a period of 21 days. Remaining microbial load in the form of CFU/ml after the antimicrobial treatment was tabulated, and data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.Statistical Analysis Used:SPSS version 17, one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc test.Results:Both the plant extracts showed considerable antimicrobial efficacy as compared to negative control. 2% CHX was the most effective antimicrobial agent having statistically significant difference against plant extracts and negative control (saline).Conclusion:The methanolic extract of A. Indica, M. elengi, and Chlorhexidine Gluconate has considerable antimicrobial activity against polymicrobial dentinal biofilm of S. mutans, E. faecalis, S. aureus and C. albicans.

Background: Inability to recognize anatomical variations in roots and canal configurations remains one of the principal factors in failure of endodontic therapy. Mandibular premolars, due to their varied internal morphology, present an endodontic challenge more often than other teeth. Objective: To assess the root morphology and canal configuration of mandibular first and second premolars using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography imaging (3D CBCT). Methodology: Bilaterally, mandibular premolars were evaluated on 100 CBCT images independently by two experienced endodontists. Vertucci's classification was used to identify and divide the canal configurations. Results: 97% of first premolars and 99.5% of the second premolars were found to have one root. The most common canal configuration was found to be Type-I. Other types of canal configurations were 5.5% and 5% in first and second premolars respectively. Conclusions: Modern-day endodntist needs to be vigilant at all times to avoid missing canals and consequent failures.

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