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ABSTRACT

In cognitive radio or dynamic spectrum access networks, a rendezvous represents meeting two or more users on a common channel, and negotiating to establish data communication. The rendezvous problem is one of the most challenging tasks in cognitive radio ad hoc networks. Generally, this problem is simplified by using two well-known mechanisms: the first uses a predefined common control channel, while the second employs a channel hopping procedure. Yet, these two mechanisms form a life cycle, when they simplify the rendezvous problem in cognitive radio networks. The main purpose of this paper is to point out how and why this cycle forms.

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Great knowledge and experience on microbiology are required for accurate bacteria identification. Automation of bacteria identification is required because there might be a shortage of skilled microbiologists and clinicians at a time of great need. There have been several attempts to perform automatic background identification. This paper reviews state-of-the-art automatic bacteria identification techniques. This paper also provides discussion on limitations of state-of-the-art automatic bacteria identification systems and recommends future direction of automatic bacteria identification.