No abstract

Objectives Glycoproteins are organic compounds formed from proteins and carbohydrates, which are found in many parts of the living systems including the cell membranes. Furthermore, impaired metabolism of glycoprotein components plays the main role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of glycoprotein levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Methods All relevant papers in the English language were compiled by searching electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed and Cochrane library. The keywords of glycoprotein, diabetes mellitus, glycan, glycosylation, and inhibitor were searched until January 2019. Results Glycoproteins are pivotal elements in the regulation of cell proliferation, growth, maturation and signaling pathways. Moreover, they are involved in drug binding, drug transportation, efflux of chemicals and stability of therapeutic proteins. These functions, structure, composition, linkages, biosynthesis, significance and biological effects are discussed as related to their use as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Conclusions The findings revealed several chemical and natural compounds have significant beneficial effects on glycoprotein metabolism. The comprehension of glycoprotein structure and functions are very essential and inevitable to enhance the knowledge of glycoengineering for glycoprotein-based therapeutics as may be required for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as a life-threatening global disease, is receiving worldwide attention. Seeking novel therapeutic strategies and agents is of utmost importance to curb CVD. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators derived from natural products are promising agents for cardiovascular drug development owning to regulatory effects on physiological processes and diverse cardiometabolic disorders. In the past decade, different therapeutic agents from natural products and herbal medicines have been explored as good templates of AMPK activators. Hereby, we overviewed the role of AMPK signaling in the cardiovascular system, as well as evidence implicating AMPK activators as potential therapeutic tools. In the present review, efforts have been made to compile and update relevant information from both preclinical and clinical studies, which investigated the role of natural products as AMPK activators in cardiovascular therapeutics.

No abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of solvent properties on bioactive extraction of myrtle leaves using ultrasound waves. Experimental design was performed using response surface methodology and optimized by Box-Behnken design.The effect of extraction variables such as temperature (30, 45, and 60°C), time (5, 20, and 35 min) and solid to solvent ratio (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g/10 ml) was examined for estimation of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of water, ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate as extraction solvents using ultrasonic waves.The result of water extract showed highest contents of TPC (269.36 ± 3.83 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight) and TFC (21.39 ± 0.43 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight) compared with other solvents. The optimal condition was obtained at the extraction temperature of 58°C, extraction time of 34 min, and solid to solvent ratio of 0.2 g/10 ml. Novelty impact statement:• Water as a cheap and green solvent resulted in high total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in myrtle extract.• Ultrasonic waves facilitated penetration of water into leaf tissue.• The solvent polarity was most important in extraction efficiency of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.