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Childhood obesity is a major health problem throughout the world. Obese children are more likely to become obese adults in whom one can expect a higher rate of hospitalisation, interventions and premature death. 1 In obese people, coronary heart disease generally manifests in middle age or later life. However, atherosclerosis has its roots in childhood, its first signs in obese children appearing before puberty; therefore, it is important to develop efficient strategies to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the population. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) serves as a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis.2 CVD develops as a result of arterial damage in the form of arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a general term for conditions in which diffuse thickening and stiffening in mainly large-and medium-sized arteries develop under different conditions. Both the media and intima of the arteries could be involved in the pathology. Risk factors diagnosed in childhood can predict the development of preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in adults.2 However, there is limited information about early atherosclerosis and its mechanisms in childhood.Many studies mention close relationships between traditional anthropometric, haemodynamic and biochemical cardiovascular risk factors during childhood and adolescence, and high rates of CIMT and vascular events in the 40s. Importantly, exposure to cardiovascular risk factors is associated with vascular damage. In addition, because of the cumulative nature of risk factors, obesity and central fat distribution in childhood can provide clues about CIMT in adulthood. 3 We aimed to study the effect of obesity on main carotid artery lumen diameter and intima-media thickness and the relationships with the early stages of atherosclerosis. Material and methods PatientsThis was a prospective case-control study from October 2010 to February 2011 on schoolchildren aged 8 -16 years. Obese children were transferred from a primary healthcare paediatrician to our paediatric outpatient clinic in Gaziosmanpasa University Hospital. Patients with dysmorphic syndromes and/or endocrine disorders were excluded. A control group of children of similar age and gender distribution without obesity and dyslipidaemia was included in the study. None of the children was on cardiovascular medication, and all were non-smokers. Children were included only after obtaining informed consent from their guardians. The study protocol was approved by the Committee on Ethical Practice of the hospital. Clinical evaluationFor each patient, data about family and personal history for cardiovascular events, growth curve and nutritional assessment were recorded. Height, weight and blood pressure (BP) were measured.

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ÖZETSağ pulmoner arter kesintisi nadir bir konjenital bozukluktur. Bu yazıda, rastlantısal olarak sağ pulmoner arter kesintisi tanısı konulan kadın olgunun klinik ve radyolojik bulguları tartışıldı. Otuz iki yaşındaki kadın olgu terleme, sol tarafta daha fazla olmak üzere göğüs ve sırt ağrısı yakınmaları ile başvurdu. Pulmoner bilgisayarlı tomografi anjiografide, sağ pulmoner arterin, mediastinal kesimi yok iken sağ hiler bölgede milimetrik boyutlu ve retrograt dolduğu düşünülen, kör sonlanan vasküler yapı dikkati çekti. Bronşiyal ve interkostal arterlerden oluşan kollateral vaskü-ler dolaşım mevcuttu. Bu bulgularla hastaya sağ pulmoner arter kesintisi tanısı konuldu. Akciğer grafisinde hilusta pulmoner arter gölgesinin görülemediği durumda, pulmoner arter kesintisinden kuşku duyulmalıdır. Pulmoner bilgisayarlı tomografi anjiografi tanı konulması için yeterli bir görüntüleme yöntemidir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Pulmoner arter kesintisi, pulmoner arter agenezisi, bilgisayarlı tomografi, akciğer grafisi, radyoloji ABSTRACTRight pulmonary artery interruption is a rare congenital disorder. In this article, we discussed the clinical and radiological findings of a woman with right pulmonary artery interruption that was diagnosed incidentally. A 32-year-old female patient was admitted with the complaints of perspiration, chest and back pain more to the left side. Pulmonary computed tomography angiography revealed that there was no mediastinal part of the right pulmonary artery. A millimetric sized-retrograde filled-blind ended vascular structure was seen at the right hilum. There was a collateral arterial circulation formed from bronchial and intercostal arteries. The patient is diagnosed as right pulmonary artery interruption with theese findings. When there was no sign of a pulmonary artery at the hilum on the chest plain radiography, there must be a suspicion of interruption of the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary computed tomography angiography is an adequate imaging method for diagnosis.Keywords: Pulmonary artery interruption, pulmonary artery agenesis, computed tomography, chest radiography, radiology GİRİŞPulmoner arter kesintisi (PAK) nadir bir konjenital bozukluktur. Genellikle bulgu vermeksizin seyrederken tekrarlayan enfeksiyonlar, hemoptizi ve bronşektazi gibi özgün olmayan bulgular görülebilir (1). Öykü ve fizik muayene bulguları da özellik göstermediğinden radyolojik görüntüleme yöntemleri tanıda önemli görev alır. Bu makalede, erişkin yaşta tanı alan izole sağ PAK olgusu sunulmuştur. OLGU SUNUMUOtuz iki yaşında kadın olgu terleme, sol tarafta daha fazla olmak üzere göğüs ve sırt ağrısı yakınmaları ile başvurdu. Gö-ğüs ağrısının solda daha fazla olduğu, iki yıldır devam ettiği ve hareketle artarken, dinlenmekle geçtiği öğrenildi. Sistem sorgusunda çocukluğundan beri devam eden ve son iki yıldır artan nefes darlığı yakınması mevcuttu. Öyküde çocukluk döneminde sık üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu geçirdiği saptandı. Fizik muayenede patolojik bulgu saptanmayan olguya posteroanterior (PA) akciğer grafisi ve ardından pulmon...

Background/aim Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast. Tuberculosis mastitis (TM), one of the causes of GM, is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of TM and GM are similar, and sometimes it is difficult to make a distinction between these disease states. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological features, diagnostic techniques, treatment modalities and treatment outcomes of the patients with GM and TM. Materials and methods The data of the patients with confirmed GM by histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens between 2007 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic features, main complaints, physical findings, radiological and laboratory data, treatment modalities, and treatment outcomes were recorded. Results Sixty-eight GM patients with a mean age of 35.8 (18–63) years were evaluated. The patients had a mass lesion, pain, ulceration, and abscess in their breasts. All of the cases were female. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 62 cases. Abscess and/or sinus tract formation was detected in 34, heterogeneous hypoechoic mass in 15, heterogeneous parenchyma or parenchymal edema in 15, axillary lymphadenopathy in 18 and cysts in 13 patients. A total of 10 patients were lost to follow-up. Twenty-six patients underwent surgery for their breast lesions or had antibiotherapy (n = 13) or corticosteroid therapy (n = 7). Eleven (16.1%) patients were diagnosed with TM. These patients were evaluated by clinical examination, chest radiography, and tuberculin skin test. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining and culture were negative in all cases. The diagnosis of TM was based on histopathological evaluation results. Eight of the 11 patients achieved complete remission with antituberculosis treatment. Conclusion The etiological diagnosis of GM must be based on a multidisciplinary approach. Tuberculosis mastitis should become a part of differential diagnosis of breast diseases in populations with high incidence of tuberculosis.