enormous challenge to current therapeutic systems and biomedical engineering. [2] As a promising alternative for conventional antibiotic therapy, photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted ever increasing attention which converts light energy into heat energy via the photothermal effect of photothermal agents under the irradiation of near-infrared (NIR) laser. [3] The irreversible damage to cell membrane disruption and protein denaturation by the generated heat can induce bacterial death without generating drug resistance. [4] However, the high temperature induced by PTT may cause local collateral damage to normal cells and adjacent healthy tissues around heat-treated wounds owing to the inevitable thermal diffusion, leading to severe side effects of hyperthermia. [5] Moreover, achieving efficient hyperthermal administration typically requires high concentrations of photothermal agents, high power densities of lasers, or long-term laser exposure, which further increases the risk on human health. [6] To overcome the abovementioned drawbacks, low-temperature PTT (LT-PTT) at about 45 °C is a prospective modality to protect healthy tissues from high temperature damage. [7] While, LT-PTTinduced cell damage or bacterial apoptosis could be recovered with the assistance of heat shock proteins (HSPs), [8] thus making it difficult to guarantee efficient or complete eradication of bacterial infections. The incorporation of additional antimicrobial modalities for synergistic therapy is an important avenue to boost elimination efficiency. [9] As a suitable candidate, chemodynamic therapy (CDT) eliminates bacterial infections through the function of reactive oxygen species (ROS). [10] Considering that the heat generated via PTT can accelerate the generation of ROS in CDT which in turn improves the antibacterial activity of PTT, [11] the integration of CDT and PTT would be a charming strategy for facilitating LT-PTT. Furthermore, it is worthy of noting that the inherent short lifetime and long diffusion distance of ROS may compromise the antimicrobial activity. [12] Shortening the diffusion distance from ROS to the bacteria would be beneficial to enhance the efficiency of bacterial inactivation. [13] Hydrogels with cross-linked 3D networks and mesoporous structures have attracted great interesting in the field of Pathogenic infections seriously threaten public health and have been considered as one of the most critical challenges in clinical therapy. Construction of a safe and efficient photothermal antibacterial platform is a promising strategy for treatment of bacterial infections. Considering that high temperature does harm to the normal tissues and cells, herein, a bacteria-triggered multifunctional hydrogel is constructed for low-temperature photothermal sterilization with high efficiency by integrating localized chemodynamic therapy (L-CDT). The hydrogel is constructed by incorporating copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs ) with photothermal profile into the network of hyaluronic acid (HA) and Fe 3+ -EDTA complexes, ...

Herein, an interference-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform with a “sandwich” structure has been developed for reliable detection and photothermal killing of bacteria with whole blood as the real sample. The multifunctional platform comprised a plasmonic gold film (pAu) functionalized with bacteria-capturing units of 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid and internal reference of 4-mercaptobenzonitrile as the SERS substrate and vancomycin-modified core (gold)–shell (Prussian blue) nanoparticles (Au@PB@Van NPs) as the SERS tag. The detected SERS signals were from the Raman-silent region where no background signals occurred from biological sources, eliminating the interference and improving the detection sensitivity and accuracy. As a proof-of-concept, model bacterial strain, Staphylococcus aureus, was captured and detected in the whole blood samples. Furthermore, high antibacterial efficiency of approximately 100% was reached under the synergistic photothermal effect from pAu and Au@PB@Van NPs. This study provides a new avenue for bacteria detection in real samples and their subsequent in situ elimination.

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A multifunctional plasmonic gold chip is created to serve as a triple enhancer for PEF, SERS and NIR for bacteria analysis.

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