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Atherosclerosis is a significant cardiovascular burden and a leading cause of death worldwide, recognized as a chronic sterile inflammatory disease. Pyroptosis is a novel proinflammatory regulated cell death, characterized by cell swelling, plasma membrane bubbling, and robust release of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin IL‐1β and IL‐18). Mounting studies have addressed the crucial contribution of pyroptosis to atherosclerosis and clarified the candidate therapeutic agents targeting pyroptosis for atherosclerosis. Herein, we review the initial characterization of pyroptosis, the detailed mechanisms of pyroptosis, current evidence about pyroptosis and atherosclerosis, and potential therapeutic strategies that target pyroptosis in the development of atherosclerosis.

The present meta-analysis suggests that compared with standard PTA/BMS, DES may decrease the risk of clinically driven TLR, restenosis rate, and amputation rate without any impact on mortality. However, DEB has no obvious advantage in the treatment of infrapopliteal disease. Due to the limitations of our study, more randomized controlled trials, especially those for DEB, are necessary.

An alternative to open repair was initially reported by Parodi in 1991.2) A covered stent was inserted within the aneurysm by an endoluminal route via the femoral artery. About 90 per cent of AAAs can be excluded from the circulation with low risk of subsequent aneurysm rupture, thereby reducing significantly postoperative pain, critical care requirement and hospital stay. 3,4) There are numerous reports on the long-term effects of patients after EVAR, including the DREAM, EVAR1 and EVAR2 studies. [5][6][7][8] These trials showed that EVAR is more likely to be more cost-effective than open repair in terms of operative mortality with no differences in mortality or aneurysm-related mortality existing between both groups in long-term. [5][6][7][8] However, patients undergoing the EVAR procedure have a higher rate of graft-related complications and more costly reinterventions. 8,9)