BackgroundEmergence of blaKPC and blaNDM co-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains have led to the limited therapeutic options for clinical treatment. Understanding the diversity and frequency of resistance and virulence genes of these isolates is of great significance.PurposeThe aim of this study is to research the diversity and frequency of resistance and virulence genes in the blaKPC and blaNDM co-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains.Methods and ResultsIn this study, 117 K. pneumonia strains were isolated from China, and among of which, 24 were found to be blaKPC and blaNDM co-producing with significant resistance against almost all the commonly used antibiotics. Additionally, 4 strains were hypermucoviscous and 8 showed high serum resistance. Overall, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, tetA and sul1 resistance genes found in 100% of the isolates, followed by blaTEM (95.8%), oqxA/B (91.7%), qnrB (87.5%), aac(6’)Ib-cr (83.3%), blaDHA (79.2%), rmtB (66.7%), qnrS (54.2%), cat(54.2%), floR (50.0%), sul2 (45.8%) cmlA (20.8%)andblaCMY (8.33%), respectively. What’ more, seven blaCTX-M subtypes [blaCTX-M-14 (n=18), blaCTX-M-3(n=11), blaCTX-M-65 (n=4), blaCTX-M-15 (n=3), blaCTX-M-28 (n=2), blaCTX-M-55 (n=2), blaCTX-M-22 (n=1)] and six blaSHV subtypes [blaSHV-12(n=16), blaSHV-11 (n=4), blaSHV-2a(n=1), blaSHV-1(n=1), blaSHV-38(n=1) and blaSHV-28(n=1)] were detected. The frequency of virulence genes was as follows: 100% for entB, ybtS and irp, 95.8% for mrkD, 91.66% for fimH, 79.2% for iutA, 62.5% for iroBCDE, aerobactin and kfu, 66.7% for allS, 45.8% for wcaG, 37.5% for rmpA, 20.8% for pagO and 16.7% for magA.ConclusionFrom this study, we concluded that the blaKPC and blaNDM co-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains have a high diversity and frequency of resistance and virulence genes. This study may offer hospitals important information about the control of infections caused by blaKPC and blaNDM co-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The principle of size effect has been noticed a century ago, which has nowadays been widely used to express the activity enhancement of a catalyst as a result of size...

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Flow‐type electrolytic cell is a viable system for many electrochemical processes, in which gas‐diffusion electrode (GDE) plays a vital role in providing optimal reacting interfaces for improved performances. Different from traditional GDEs with fixed porosity, here we propose a new type of GDE that features flexible diffusion channels. Particularly, the GDE has been assembled by pairing PTFE substrate with Ag‐TCNQ/graphene hydrogels that can be further manipulated through capillary compression. With dynamic adjustment, the average pore size inside GDE ranges from 1750 to 125 nm, and the packing density varies from 56.81 to 446.07 mg cm−3. As a consequence, the as‐assembled flow‐type electrolytic cell can display excellent performances, with a yield rate of 5572 mmol gcat−1 h−1 and Faradic efficiency of 86.4% at 0.267 V (vs. RHE). In addition, a photovoltaic (PV)‐driven flow‐electrolytic system has been assembled that achieves a record solar‐to‐hydrogen peroxide efficiency of 14.8%.

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