In this paper, we present Bluetooth low energy (BLE)-based sensing framework that provides real time spatial awareness for blind and visually impaired (BVI) users while navigating independently through large public venues. The proposed framework includes the following functionalities using only the received signal strength indicator obtained from the BLE sensors: 1) determining the location of the user, 2) estimating the user's moving direction, and 3) detecting the proximity of landmarks next to the user. We evaluate these functionalities individually. Moreover, we incorporate the proposed framework in PERCEPT indoor navigation system and test it with BVI users in a large public venue. Testing results show that the location, moving direction, and landmark proximity computed by the framework, although not very accurate, provide sufficient information to enable BVI users to independently navigate in large indoor venues. This conclusion aligns with Nobel Prize winning findings that confirm the spatial nature of the entorhinal-hippocampal system and the existence of a positioning system in the brain.

In this paper we introduce the DIORAMA based system that provides situational awareness for urban search and rescue operations in both indoor and outdoor settings, significantly improving the operations' efficiency. Using a Smartphone, DIORAMA enables the responders to triage patients with active RFID tags, and to mark the locations of trapped patients and points of interest (e.g. fire, chemical spill, collapse buildings). In addition, the tagged patients' location will be automatically tracked and updated on the interface. The incident commander can also interact with the responders on-site using the DIORAMA interface either on a Smartphone or a tablet. The DIORAMA system uses active RFID technology as well as visual analytics tools.

In this paper we introduce DIORAMA-II system that provides real time information collection in mass casualty incidents. Using a mobile platform that includes active RFID tags and readers as well as Smartphones, the system can determine the location of victims and responders. The system provides user friendly multi dimensional user interfaces as well as collaboration tools between the responders and the incident commander. We conducted two simulated mass casualty incidents with 50 victims each and professional responders. DIORAMA-II significantly reduces the evacuation time by up to 43% when compared to paper based triage systems. All responders that participated in all trials were very satisfied. They felt in control of the incident and mentioned that the system significantly reduced their stress level during the incident. They all mentioned that they would use the system in an actual incident.

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