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This systematic review aimed to investigate the relation between orthodontic treatment (OT) and the incidence of the gingival black triangle (GBT) after completing treatment with a fixed orthodontic appliance, as well as the associated risk factors and the level of alveolar bone. Electronic and hand searches were conducted in three electronic databases for relevant articles published up to March 2022. Retrieved articles went through a two-step screening procedure, and the risk of bias (RoB) was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. The incidence of GBT after OT was set as the primary outcome, while the secondary outcomes were the risk factors associated with GBT and alveolar bone loss following OT. Out of 421 papers, 5 were selected for the final analysis. The RoBs of three studies were moderate and the remaining two were low. The incidence of GBT following OT ranged from 38% to 58%. In addition, three studies reported that alveolar bone loss was reduced significantly following OT and associated with GBT, while one study found the opposite. Regarding the risk factors associated with GBT, the reported results attributed GBT to several factors including age, tooth-related factors, treatment duration, and soft tissue factors. The analysis indicates an increased incidence of GBT following OT; however, a firm conclusion cannot be drawn. Additionally, it was not possible to reach a consensus on risk factors associated with GBT due to the heterogeneity of the data. Therefore, further randomized clinical trials are highly recommended to draw a firm conclusion.

The aim of this study were to find the prevalence of Angle's classification and distribution of malocclusion amongst patients attending a private orthodontic clinic in Sulaimani City. Method: Pre-treatment orthodontic records of 171 patients of both genders and different age groups fulfilled selection criteria were obtained for the study. The data from case sheets and dental casts were analyzed to determine the prevalence of angles class I, class II, and class III malocclusion. Results: Malocclusion was found to be higher in females than males. Patient's malocclusions were as follow: 56 (33%) Class I, 83 (48%) Class II, and 32 (19%) Class III. Patients of 12-17 years age group were found to be more interested in orthodontic treatment than other age groups. Conclusions: Class II malocclusion created almost half of the patients seeking orthodontic treatment in private clinic in Sulaimani City. Furthermore majority of orthodontic cases were young patients (12-17 age group) with females showing a higher percentage than males.

Introduction: This study was performed to assess the root resorption of retained primary teeth having no successors. Methods: According to the selection criteria, 2232 students were diagnosed and selected. The statistical analysis was performed by using a statistical software IBM SPSS version 21. Results: only 83 subjects had retained deciduous teeth (R.D.T) giving percentage of 3.71%. Periapical radiographs were used to assess the resorption of the roots. Furthermore, 126 roots was found in the (95) R.D.T, (66) roots was in males and (60) was in females and all roots have some form of resorption. No significant relationship was observed between different variables (arch, gender, and sides) and the root resorption, (P value =0.138, 0.1258 and 0.176) respectively of P <0.05. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study, the primary maxillary canine were the most frequently retained deciduous teeth, followed by the mandibular 2 nd primary molar, but the maxillary central incisor and mandibular 1 st molar are the least. Regarding levels of root resorption, the level 1 root resorption was the most frequent 51.6 %, followed by level 2, level 3& level 4 respectively; 23.8%, 14.3% & 10.3%.

Background/Objectives An accurate evaluation of skeletal sagittal jaw relationship has an important role in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. This study was done to establish cephalometric norms of all types of malocclusion using ANB, Wits appraisal and Beta angle, and evaluate the significance of W angle in comparison to these parameters. Subjects and Methods Ninety pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of male and female patients aged 18-28 years from Sulaimani City that met the sample criteria were traced digitally by the Easy Dent 4 software program. The sample was divided into three groups of skeletal malocclusion, class I, II, and III, based on ANB angle, Beta angle, and Wits appraisal, each group consisting of 30 patients. For each subject the following cephalometric parameters were measured: ANB angle, Beta angle, Wits apprasial, and W angle.Statistical analysis The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analyzing data. ANOVA test was used to compare means of the three study groups. The post-hoc test was used to compare each two groups, Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the strength of correlation between two numerical variables, and coefficient of variability was used to measure the extent of variability of each variable in relation to the population. The p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsSignificant differences were found in the ANB angle, Beta angle, Wits appraisal and W-angle in all 90 patients. The coefficient of variability showed that Wits appraisal was the most variable parameter and W angle was the least variable parameter. Conclusions ANB angle, Beta angle, Wits appraisal and W-angle are significant parameters to assess the sagittal jaw relationship. The use of W angle, along with other parameters, can provide more accurate assessment of the sagittal skeletal jaw relationship as it has the least coefficient of variance; it should therefore enable better diagnosis and treatment planning for patients.