Fully integrated wearable sensors are capable of dynamically, directly, and independently tracking biomarkers in raw noninvasive biofluids without any other equipment or accessories by integrating the unique on-body monitoring feature with the special complete functional implementation attribute. Sweat, saliva, and urine are three important noninvasive biofluids, and changes in their biomarkers hold great potential for revealing physiological conditions. However, it is still a challenge to design single fully integrated wearable sensor arrays (FIWSAs) that are universally able to concurrently measure electrolytes and metabolites in three of the most common noninvasive biofluids including sweat, saliva, and urine. Here, we propose the first single universal FIWSAs for wirelessly, noninvasively, and simultaneously measuring various metabolites (i.e., uric acid) and electrolytes (i.e., Na + and H + ) in raw sweat, saliva, or urine under subjects' exercise by integrating the specifically designed microfluidic, sensing, and electronic modules in a seamless manner. We evaluate its utility for noninvasive gout management in healthy subjects and in gout patients through a purine-rich meal challenge and with a medicine-treatment control, respectively. Noninvasive monitoring of multiple electrolytes and metabolites in a variety of raw noninvasive biofluids via such single universal FIWSAs may enrich the understanding of the biomarkers' levels in the body and would also facilitate self-health management.

A cobalt metal-organic framework (Co MOF)-ionic liquid (IL) nanocomposite comprising the base matrix of the electrode was developed with electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer consisting of o-phenylenediamine (oPD) to detect carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a biomarker of breast cancer. First, Co MOF was synthesized using hydrothermal synthesis, which was used as an electrically conductive skeleton and functionalized with an IL. Then, CEA was employed as a template in the electropolymerization of oPD-imprinted films on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode. Finally, the template protein was removed to form a molecularly imprinted film capable of qualitatively and quantitatively signaling CEA. Under optimized conditions, the sensor for CEA exhibits a wide detection range of 1.0×10-4-10 ng·mL-1 (0.32 V vs. Ag/AgCl) with a limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.024 pg·mL-1 and 0.082 pg·mL-1, respectively. Besides, other parameters including the selectivity, reproducibility (RSD 2.2%), and recovery rate (92.16-103.35%) are all satisfactory. The proposed strategy provides a new route for the development of rapid breast cancer diagnostic tools.

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Since the outbreak of COVID-19, it is becoming important to screen SARS-CoV-2 with high accuracy, high efficiency, and rapidness, for epidemic prevention and control. Conventional detection technologies can not satisfy the requirements of examining massive people in a very short time. Biosensor technology, with the advantages of high sensitivity, good selectivity, low cost, easy miniaturization, and short detection time, is being used to develop real-time detection equipment, thus as a potential alternative for real-time detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical diagnosis. In the present study, the authors summarized the construction methods and principles for optical biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, wearable biosensors, magnetic biosensors, gold nanoparticle biosensors, and aptamer biosensors, followed by the introduction of the current application of multiple biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 detection. Conclusively, the technical bottlenecks and future development trends of biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 detection are proposed. Keywords SARS-CoV-2; biosensor; detection -5] . SARS-CoV-2 是一种单链核糖核酸(RNA)包膜病 毒, 主要由刺突表面糖蛋白(spike protein, S 蛋白)、包膜 蛋白(envelope protein, E 蛋白)、基质蛋白(matrix protein, M 蛋白)和核衣壳蛋白(nucleocapsid protein, N 蛋白)四种 蛋 白 组 成 [6] . 由 于 潜 伏 时间 长 、 传 播速 度 快 且 存在 40%～45%的无症状感染 [7] , 自 2019 年 12 月首次报道以 来, COVID-19 在全球范围内呈大流行趋势, 严重威胁 了公共卫生安全. 虽然已经研发出灭活病毒疫苗、腺病 毒载体疫苗、重组亚单位疫苗等新冠疫苗, 但因有限的 接种率与 SARS-CoV-2 的强变异性(如有阿尔法、 德尔塔 以及奥密克戎等变体) [8][9][10][11] , 全球疫情扩散速率仍呈增大 趋势. 因此, 开发一种高灵敏、快速、低成本、易于微 型化的即时检测方法(POCT)对 SARS-CoV-2 进行准确 筛查显得尤为重要.目前, SARS-CoV-2 的检测主要是对病毒核酸、 病毒 抗原及抗体进行监测 [12][13] . 其中, 核酸检测主要是针对 SARS-CoV-2 病毒的 RNA 基因序列测序, 采用的技术包 括基因测序技术、实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应