Since the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic, there is an ongoing debate and research regarding the possible ways of virus transmission. We conducted an epidemiological investigation which revealed a cluster of five COVID-19 cases, linked to playing squash at a sports venue in Maribor, Slovenia. Acquired data raises possibility that the transmission occurred indirectly through contaminated objects in changing room or squash hall or via aerosolisation in squash hall.
Vasculitis has been recognized as an organ-specific immune-mediated complication of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the number of reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19)–associated vasculitis cases is gradually increasing.1 Vasculitis can develop early after the onset of COVID-19 (an interval of < 2 weeks) or manifest later during the course of the disease, and it is associated with a significant morbidity.
Comparison of influenza outbreaks in three NHs revealed that the duration of the outbreak was the shortest in the NH where prophylaxis with oseltamivir was given to all residents.
The analysis of the possibilities of creating the sustainable competitiveness of an enterprise from the point of view of the functional uniformity of economic and ecological sustainability, as well as the production of products in compliance with the international standards for business operations, is the subject matter of the research conducted in this paper. The achievement of a higher level of competitiveness is a strategic goal of every enterprise, while the competitiveness of a product implies an appropriate standardization of quality. The starting assumption is that in order for enterprises to become competitive not only on the domestic market, but on the international market as well, it is necessary that they should standardize their business operations by improving the quality system. The goal is to gain an insight into how much significance domestic enterprises give to the standardization of quality, apart from the other needed factors, how interested they are in investing in the implementation of the ISO 9000:2000 standards, which are primarily oriented towards the satisfaction of client requirements, thus improving their own business operations. In this research study, the hypothetical-deductive methods, analytical-deductive and comparative methods, historical and statistical-descriptive methods, as well as the comparative statistical methods (ch2 Test, ANOVA), are used.
Background
The recently emerged novel coronavirus, “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)”, caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low‐ and middle‐income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions.
Aims
To centralize the accumulative knowledge on non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID‐19 for each country under one worldwide consortium.
Methods
International COVID‐19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross‐sectional online‐survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on incidence and mortality of COVID‐19. Survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with log‐transformed value of population as an offset value.
Results
Majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual‐level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial mask (94.6% at hospital; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to recommendation to use soap did. Deprivation of mask was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic level. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level.
Conclusion
NPIs against COVID‐19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease incidence and mortality of COVID‐19.
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