Biodiesel production has gained considerable importance over the last few decades due to the increase in fossil fuel prices as well as toxic emissions of oxygen and nitrogen. The production of biodiesel via catalytic transesterification produces crude glycerol as a co-product along with biodiesel, amounting to 10% of the total biodiesel produced. Glycerol has a low value in its impure form, and the purification of glycerol requires sophisticated technologies and is an expensive process. The conversion of crude glycerol into value-added chemicals such as solketal is the best way to improve the sustainability of biodiesel synthesis using the transesterification reaction. Therefore, the conversion of crude glycerol into the solketal was investigated in a batch reactor simulation model developed by the Aspen Plus V11.0. The non-random two liquid theory (NRTL) method was used as a thermodynamic property package to study the effect of four input ketalization parameters. The model was validated with the findings of previous experimental studies of solketal synthesis using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The influence of the following operating parameters was investigated: reaction time of 10,000 to 60,000 s, reaction temperature of 303 to 323 K, acetone to glycerol molar ratio of 2:1 to 10:1, and catalyst concentration of 0.005 to 0.03 wt %. The optimum solketal yield of 81.36% was obtained at the optimized conditions of 313 K, 9:1, 0.03 wt %, and 40,000 s. The effect of each input parameter on the ketalization process and interaction between input and output parameters was investigated by using the response surface methodology (RSM) optimizer. The relationship between independent and response variables developed by RSM fit most of the simulation data, which showed the accuracy of the model. A second-order differential equation fit the simulation data well and showed an R2 value of 0.99. According to the findings of RSM, the influence of catalyst amount, acetone to glycerol molar ratio, and reaction time were more significant on solketal yield. The effect of temperature on the performance of the reaction was not found to be significant because of the exothermic nature of the process. The findings of this study showed that biodiesel-derived glycerol can be effectively utilized to produce solketal, which can be used for a wider range of applications such as a fuel additive. However, further work is required to enhance the solketal yield by developing new heterogeneous catalysts so that the industrial implementation of its production can be made possible.

Penelitian ini berawal dari keinginan peneliti untuk melihat bagaimana penanaman nilai-nilai pendidikan multikultural yang terdapat di pondok pesantren DD-AD Mangkoso Barru Sulawesi Selatan dimana santri berasal dari berbagai daerah yang berbeda-beda dan tentunya budaya serta suku yang berbeda pula. Mereka kemudian dipersatukan dalam lingkungan pondok pesantren dan tinggal dalam asrama yang menjadi ciri khas pondok pesantren. Sangat menarik untuk diperhatikan bahwa dalam kehidupan dipondok pesantren terdapat serangkaian kegiatan yang dilaksanakan baik kegiatan formal disekolah maupun non formal diasrama dan juga kegiatan diluar pondok pesantren. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis, yaitu metode yang berusaha memaparkan secara sistematis materi-materi pembahasan yang berasal dari berbagai sumber untuk kemudian dianalisis dengan teliti guna memperoleh hasil sebagai kesimpulan. Metode pengumpulan data yaitu melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan pendekatan yang digunakan peneliti ialah pendekatan sosiologis-antropologis. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa: 1) pada proses penanaman nilai-nilai pendidikan multikultural di pondok pesantren DDI-AD Mangkoso dilakukan melalui beberapa kegiatan. Pertama, kegiatan pembelajaran formal di sekolah. Kedua, kegiatan pengembangan diri. Ketiga, kegiatan pembiasaan diri. 2) nilai-nilai pendidikan mutikultural yang ditanamkan di pondok pesantren DDI-AD Mangkoso yaitu: a) penanaman nilai demokrasi dan saling menghargai. b) penanaman nilai toleransi dan saling menghormati. c) penanaman nilai keadilan sosial dan kesetaraan. d) penanaman nilai kebersamaan dan tolong menolong. 3)Adapun yang menjadi hambatan dan tantangan dalam penanaman nilai-nilai pendidikan multikultural ialah sarana dan prasarana yang masih kurang memadai khusunya asrama yang menjadi tempat tinggal santri dan masih kurangnya kompeten dan wawasan guru dalam mentransfer pengetahuan dan pada saat mengajar.

Corruption is an extraordinary crime that requires extra effort to deal with. KPK takes extra steps in dealing with corrupt behavior, namely by taking preventive actions through educational institutions. In higher education, KPK collaborates with related stakeholders to implement anti-corruption education for college students. This study explores the initial perception of college students toward civic and anti-corruption education. Qualitative with a case study approach has been used as the method of this study. The findings show that the majority of college students perceive that civic and anti-corruption education is very important to study and relevant to the condition of the nation currently.

A large range of laser-matter applications employ ultrashort pulses and high laser intensity. Such processes can lead to unrequired X-ray generation, which represents a hazardous radiation factor even for common laboratory research-grade laser systems. We present here an analysis of the radiation dose rate and X-ray spectrum emitted during ablation of a rotating copper cylinder with respect to several laser parameters. The results show that focused sub-picosecond pulses with intensity above 1013 W/cm2 can exceed the annual irradiation limit even in one hour, requiring appropriate shielding for the safety of the researchers.

This study talks about the embedded of the multicultural education values in Mangkoso boarding schools which the students comes from a variety of different areas with diverse cultures and tribes. They are then brought together and lived in an environment of boarding house that became the hallmark of boarding schools. This is a research field by using descriptive analysis methods that attempt to expose the systematic discussion of the materials which come from a variety of sources to then be analyzed carefully to obtain a result as a conclusion. The method of data collection is conducted through observation, interviews, and documentation. This research used sociological anthropology approach. The results of this research show the process of the embedded of the multicultural education values in boarding schools DDI Mangkoso conducted through several activities, such as; formal learning activities in school, activities of self development, and conditioning activities themselves. Whereas, the multicultural education values which is embedded in DDI Mangkoso boarding schools such as: democratic values and mutual tolerance value, appreciation and respect to each other, the embedded of social justice and equality values, and togetherness and help each other.