AimsAlthough the nature of the humoral factor which mediates cardioprotection established by remote ischaemic conditioning (RIc) remains unknown, parasympathetic (vagal) mechanisms appear to play a critical role. As the production and release of many gut hormones is modulated by the vagus nerve, here we tested the hypothesis that RIc cardioprotection is mediated by the actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).Methods and resultsA rat model of myocardial infarction (coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion) was used. Remote ischaemic pre- (RIPre) or perconditioning (RIPer) was induced by 15 min occlusion of femoral arteries applied prior to or during the myocardial ischaemia. The degree of RIPre and RIPer cardioprotection was determined in conditions of cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, or following blockade of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) using specific antagonist Exendin(9–39). Phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and STAT3 was assessed. RIPre and RIPer reduced infarct size by ∼50%. In conditions of bilateral cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy RIPer failed to establish cardioprotection. GLP-1R blockade abolished cardioprotection induced by either RIPre or RIPer. Exendin(9–39) also prevented RIPre-induced AKT phosphorylation. Cardioprotection induced by GLP-1R agonist Exendin-4 was preserved following cervical vagotomy, but was abolished in conditions of M3 muscarinic receptor blockade.ConclusionsThese data strongly suggest that GLP-1 functions as a humoral factor of remote ischaemic conditioning cardioprotection. This phenomenon requires intact vagal innervation of the visceral organs and recruitment of GLP-1R-mediated signalling. Cardioprotection induced by GLP-1R activation is mediated by a mechanism involving M3 muscarinic receptors.
И зучение редокс-сигналирования и ре-докс-регуляции клеточных процессов становится все более весомым и распро-страненным для определения роли участников внутриклеточных и внеклеточных механизмов регуляции метаболизма, прежде всего в про-цессах свободно-радикального окисления, что основывается на способности биологических си-стем генерировать большее число нерадикаль-ных окислителей, нежели свободных радикалов [1,2]. Интенсивность окислительно-восстанови-тельных процессов отражает тиол-дисульфид-ный обмен, достигающий 0,5% SH-соединений в мин от общего пула клеточных тиолов [1]. Ключевыми эффекторами нерадикальных окис-лителей являются тиоредоксин, глутаредоксин, глутатион (GSH), ряд других сое динений, об-разующих редокс-пары (например, цистеин/ цистин), которые составляют суммарный ре-докс-потенциал (E h ) и, в конечном итоге, эф-фективный восстановительный потенциал [2].Современная методология позволяет оценить относительный редокс-статус от более восста-новленного до более окисленного в следую щем порядке: митохондрии > ядра > цитозоль > эн-доплазматический ретикулум > внеклеточное пространство [3]. Значения E h для окисленного глутатиона (GSSG) -300 мВ в митохондриях, от -220 до -260 мВ в цитозоле, -150 мВ в эндоплаз-матическом ретикулуме и -140 мВ в плазме или внеклеточном пространстве (для сравнения E h для цистина -80 мВ), составляя в эритроцитах величину, близкую к -150 мВ [4]. В соответствии с уравнением Нернста окислительно-восстано-вительный потенциал для пары 2GSH/GSSG ко-леблется в диапазоне от -260 мВ до -150 мВ [5]. Посредством транслокации и каталитических механизмов формируются редокс-цепи, с уча-стием которых осуществляются физиологиче-ская регуляция и генерализация окислительного стресса (ОС) [1,5,6]. еКСПерИмеНтальНі рОБОтИ
Aim. To develop and test a risk-stratification model for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and non-ischemic pathologies based on a computer analysis of electrical instability ECG markers.Material and methods. In the period from 2011 to 2018, the study included 1014 patients with CAD and non-ischemic pathologies. Depending on ventricular arrhythmia status, the analyzed cohort was divided into 3 groups: 1) 644 patients without lifethreatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias (-VTA), mean age 51,7±16,1 years; 2) 280 patients with clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias (+csVA): ventricular extrasystoles (VES) >1500/24 h, coupled VES >50/24 h or unstable ventricular tachycardia (uVT), mean age 46,7±14,0 years; 3) 90 patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias (+VTA): persistent VT (pVT), successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), appropriate discharges by implanted cardioverter defibrillator (CVD), sudden cardiac death (SCD), mean age 46,8±12,7 years.Using the Intekard 7.3 software, ECG markers of myocardial electrical instability were analyzed: T wave alternation, QT interval and dispersion, fragmented QRS, spatial QRS-T angle, turbulence onset and slope, and heart rate deceleration/acceleration.Results. Statistically significant differences were found between the values of T wave alternation, QT interval, fragmented QRS and QRS-T angle in groups 1 and 3 (-VTA) and (+VTA), p<0,005.Personalized model was formed for predicting the risk of life-threatening VTA (primary endpoints: pVT, appropriate CVD discharges, CPR, SCD) in patients with CAD and non-ischemic pathologies (cardiomyopathy, channelopathy) in 5 years follow-up. Integral score of myocardial electrical instability is proposed as new quantitative parameter for risk stratification (sensitivity 75%, specificity 78%, accuracy 77%).Conclusion. The myocardial electrical instability score provides the individual assessment of the dynamic SCD risk. The Intekard 7.3 software is a simple, economic and accessible ECG tool for arrhythmia monitoring.
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