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Разработан минерально-витаминный премикс на основе природного цеолита — вермикулита для коров с удоем 7—9 тыс. кг молока в период сухостоя, I, II и III фазы лактации. В состав вермикулита входит большой набор микро- и макроэлементов, таких как медь, цинк, марганец, кобальт, кремний, являющихся ценными минеральными добавками. Изучено влияние премиксов с различным содержанием вермикулита на переваримость питательных веществ рациона, усвоение минеральных элементов, использование животными азота из рациона, их продуктивность. Опыт проведен на коровах в течение лактации и сухостойного периода. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что минерально-витаминные премиксы, содержащие 1,5—5,0% вермикулита от сухого вещества рациона, способствовали регуляции выведения и отложения минеральных веществ, лучшему использованию азота и перевариванию питательных веществ в организме коров. При этом стабилизируется физиологическое состояние животных, увеличивается содержание жира в молоке коров на 0,09 абс. процентов, повышается продуктивность 4%-ного молока на 8,2%, расход кормов на 1 кг молока снижается до 4,9%. A mineral-vitamin premix based on natural zeolite — vermiculite has been developed for cows with milk yield 7—9 thousand kg during the dry period, I, II, and III phases of lactation. Vermiculite contains a large set of micro and macro elements such as copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, silicon, which are valuable mineral additives. It is studied the effect of premix with different content of vermiculite on the digestibility of nutrients in the ration, the assimilation of mineral elements, the use of nitrogen by animals from the ration, and their productivity. The experiment was carried out on cows during the entire lactation and dry period. As a result of the studies, it was found that mineral-vitamin premixes containing vermiculite 1.5—5.0% of the ration dry matter, promoted the regulation of mineral excretion and deposition, the better nitrogen utilization, and the digestion of nutrients by the cows’ body. At the same time, the physiological state of the animals is stabilized, the fat content in the cow milk increases by 0.09 abs. percent, productivity of 4% milk increases by 8.2%, the feed consumption per 1 kg of milk decreases to 4.9%.

The article presents studies of the Holstein-Kholmogorskaya cattle in the Murmansk region conducted during the period from 2008 to 2017. Traits of the exterior, milk productivity and quality indicators of milk, lactation dynamics, reproductive traits, calving, culling and predisposition to animal diseases were studied. Some problems were identified related to the main traits characterizing a stock of cattle. Reproductive problems were shown up. Calves per 100 cows were 76-78 heads in different years, the fertility rate was 48%, the average insemination index was 2.05, the interval from calving to 1 insemination — 87.9 days. The period of economic use of cows is reducing. The quality traits of milk are deteriorating (milk fat content — 3.3%, protein — 2.95%). The main directions of further improvement of Holstein Kholmogorskaya cattle in the Murmansk region are identified: an improvement of reproduction traits, an increase of the period of economic use and an increase of the level of mass fraction of fat and protein in milk. Target indicators of economically useful traits are determined. Upgrading these characteristics to the target level will significantly improve the quality characteristics of livestock. In reproduction, the increasing calves per 100 cows to 80 heads and the fertility rate of cows at the first insemination to 60%, the reducing the insemination index to 1.5, the decreasing the calving interval from calving to 1st insemination by 8 days (to 80 days), and endeavour to reduce the frequency of reproductive diseases, the number of stillborn calves, to increase the number of twins, the alive of calves at an early age. The decreasing of the frequency of lameness, ketoses, paresis and other metabolic diseases, mastitis and reproductive diseases, and the improvement of the exterior traits (udder, limbs, and pelvis) will increase in the longevity of cows. The improvement of the level of animal feeding and balancing of rations will increase (to target values) in fat content (4.0%) and protein (3.1%) in cow's milk with maintaining high milk productivity. It is necessary to continue the selection to improve the exterior performance of the udder. It is also necessary to apply veterinary measures to reduce the incidence of cow mastitis.