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Introduction. Victimity is a predisposition to become a victim of crime. Victimization is (a) the event of violence or the experience of violence, (b) the process of a subject’s transformation into a victim of criminal assault, and also (c) the result of this process. The objective of this paper is to describe the procedure of developing a technique for assessing victimization in adults. No attention has been devoted to such techniques (tests) for adults in previous research. Methods. A combination of external, deductive, and inductive strategies helped to elaborate test tasks intended to assess the degree of victimization. Two contrasting groups (N=389 and N=400) participated in a pilot study. The comparison of the pilot testing results in these groups enabled the authors to select the test tasks for men and women. Results. The findings confirmed that the developed test met standard reliability criteria (internal consistency and test-retest stability and reliability). The developed test also meets all the known validity criteria such as validation of the test construction process and substantive, obvious, concurrent (diagnostic), consensual, construct, convergent, contrast, and gender validity. The test scales (subtests) diagnose the following seven types of victimization: (i) overall victimization, (ii) implemented victimization, predisposition to (iii) aggressive, (iv) self-destructive, (v) dependent, and (vi) non-critical victimization, and (vii) the degree of a subject’s vulnerability to manipulation. Discussion. The construct of victimization as diagnosed by this test is positively correlated with the tendency to risky behavior, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem and negatively associated with assertiveness. All this corresponds well to the essence of victimization. The test standardization was carried out on a sample of 563 men and 513 women, representative of the study prospective population in terms of gender, age, education, profession, official capacity, social status, and region of residence. The representativeness of the study samples was confirmed by a normal distribution of test results.

Mobile phones are perhaps the most popular digital devices that accompany us all the time. Smartphones certainly provide us with many conveniences but at the same time these devices are the reason why many users develop a pathological condition known as nomophobia or smartphone addiction, i. e., fear of losing phone contact or being away from network coverage. Many people, especially teenagers and children, cannot imagine their life without smartphones and try never to part with them. Phone addicts, due to the fact that their attention is constantly riveted to the smartphone screen, cannot efficiently study, do work thoughtfully and productively, establish relationships with others and, in general, live a full-fledged life. Smartphone addiction is a new phenomenon, one of the most widespread non-medical addictions, which in its scale has already left behind Internet addiction and addiction to gambling, forming a dangerous conglomerate with them. Numerous studies show that smartphone addiction has a detrimental effect on many important aspects of modern life. The purpose of this article is to provide an analytical review of international studies on the relationship between smartphone addiction and psychological and socio-psychological characteristics of personality. The choice of international studies as the initial data for the analysis was made due to the fact that it was in them (much earlier than in Russian ones) that the largest number of empirical results were obtained, which are of significant theoretical and practical interest. The number of Russian studies on this topic is much smaller, while many of them were carried out on small samples or were only discussions of international research results. Thus, it can be stated that the extensive information accumulated by international researcher on the dependence on smartphones is used insufficiently in Russian scientific community. The smartphone addiction is positively associated with such negative factors as depression, anxiety, stress, decreased self-esteem and self-control, sleep and health problems, low quality of life and dissatisfaction with it, family problems, poor school performance and the danger of becoming a victim of cyberbullying. Much higher smartphone addiction is typical of younger users. Assessments of smartphone dependence are positively correlated with being female, with smoking and consuming alcohol. A serious obstacle to relevant Russian research was the lack of Russian-language measuring instruments. To eliminate this obstacle, the author adapted and validated The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) by M. Kwon et al. for the Russian-speaking society, and developed a reliable and valid Short Version of the Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire. In Russian studies on smartphone addiction, the results obtained on international samples can serve as basis for working hypotheses as well as initial data in cross-cultural research.

Введение. Виктимизация - процесс и результат превращения индивида в жертву неправомерного посягательства. Необходимость изучения виктимизации объясняется ее широким распространением и отрицательными последствиями для ее жертв. Проведенные за рубежом исследования дали противоречивые результаты о связях виктимизации с экстраверсией, нейротизмом и психологическим полом. Установить подобные связи в русскоязычном социуме − цель данного исследования. Методы. Использованы: разработанная автором «Методика оценки степени виктимизации взрослого индивида», полоролевой опросник Сандры Бэм, личностный опросник Айзенка. Репрезентативность выборок в исследовании обеспечена включением в него большого количества (766) испытуемых − 394 женщины и 372 мужчины в возрасте от 17 до 74 лет, представляющих разные сферы жизнедеятельности и регионы. Результаты и их обсуждение. Положительно связаны с нейротизмом агрессивное и зависимое поведение женщин и мужчин и их общая виктимизация. Положительно (отрицательно) связана с нейротизмом незащищенность женщин (мужчин) от манипуляций. Экстраверсия отрицательно коррелирует с общей виктимизацией, агрессивным и зависимым поведением мужчин, положительно – с агрессивным и некритичным поведением женщин и отрицательно – с незащищенностью мужчин и женщин от манипуляций. Общая виктимизация, агрессивное, саморазрушающее и некритичное поведение мужчин и юношей положительно (а зависимое поведение − отрицательно) связаны с маскулинностью. Виктимизация в результате саморазрушающего поведения женщин и девушек коррелирует с маскулинностью положительно, а виктимизация вследствие зависимого поведения – отрицательно. Виктимизация в результате агрессивного поведения женщин, мужчин и юношей отрицательно связана с феминностью, которая положительно связана с незащищенностью женщин от манипуляций. С возрастом у женщин снижается общая виктимизация за счет уменьшения ее компонента «агрессивное поведение». Установленные взаимосвязи уточняют выводы зарубежных исследований, выделяя компоненты виктимизации, реализующие эти связи. Противоречивость зарубежных результатов о связях виктимизации с экстраверсией объясняется установленным в данной работе значительным влиянием половых различий.