No abstract

Рассмотрены направления деятельности отечественных предприятий по созданию различных типов и моделей пожарно-спасательных автомобилей (АПС) с начала ХХI века. Показана их доля в общем парке пожарных автомобилей (ПА). Определены приоритетные модели АПС по их главным параметрам: вместимости цистерны, базовому шасси, а также использованию других опций, расширяющих функциональные возможности АПС. Дано описание ряда конструкций АПС, представленных на крупнейшей международной выставке «Интершутц» (г. Ганновер), а также на международных салонах «Комплексная безопасность» (Москва). There are considered directions for creation of various fire and rescue vehicles (FRV) types and models of domestic production from the beginning of this century. An increase in their share in the total fire vehicles fleet is demonstrated. The number of FRV, presented at the largest International Exhibition INTERSCHUTZ (Hanover) as well as at INTEGRATED SAFETY & SECURITY EXHIBITIONs (Moscow), is described. The relevance of creation and production of new FRV models is determined by their multifunctionality during fire and rescue operations. Taking into account the expert survey between fire specialists of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation and based on the main FRV parameter - tank capacity, base chassis, and the use of other options increasing the FRV functionality, there are defined the following priority FRV models: crane-manipulator unit, a device for compression foam supply, a hydroabrasive cutting device, a bulldozer blade device. There is presented a brief description of typical FRVs for the last 15-year period from the beginning of their production taking into account the conceptual proposals for their creation on various basic chassis: Ural (4 x 4), KamAZ (4 x 4), (4 x 4), (8 x 4); MAZ (4 x 2), IVECO AMT (4 x 4), (6 x 6) of foreign production: Mercedec-Benz Sprinter (4 x 2) and Fuso Canter (4 x 2), as well as with additional equipment: a medical module; with armoured elements and a blade; with crane manipulator

Анализ тушения пожаров на химически опасных объектах показывает, что для обеспечения комплексной надежной защиты человека необходим широкий ассортимент специальной защитной одежды изолирующего типа (СЗО ИТ) для различных условий эксплуатации. Одним из возможных путей его быстрого создания является разработка конструктивно-унифицированных рядов (КУР) таких изделий. Сформирован подход к созданию КУР термоагрессивостойких костюмов (ТАСК) для пожарных, в основе которого лежит блочно-модульный принцип, когда, используя базовое изделие, готовят последующие его модификации с различными характеристиками. Конструктивно-унифицированный подход к созданию модельного ряда ТАСК позволяет поддерживать характеристики изделия на требуемом уровне без серьезных конструктивных изменений, только совершенствуя технологии, материалы, в соответствии с условиями эксплуатации и требованиями заказчиков. Analysis of fire extinguishing at chemically hazardous facilities shows that to provide comprehensive, reliable human protection, a wide range of special protective clothing of the insulating type (SPC IT) is necessary for various operating conditions. One of the possible ways of its creation is the development of structurally unified series (SUS) of such products. There is developed an approach to create a SUS of heat and environment resistant suits (HERS) for firefighters. The creation of a series of products is based on a block-modular principle i.e. on the base of the basic model there are created subsequent modifications with different characteristics. Studies have shown that as an optimal base model for SUS HERS can be HERS produced by AO “PTS”. On the basis of the existing basic model there were carried out researches and design works to develop a wide range of heat and environment resistant suits for various working conditions, which increase the performance efficiency for every suit type. This principle, if necessary, allows to replace some components of personal protective equipment for different tasks. The design-unified approach to the creation of HERS model range allows to keep the product characteristics at the required level without major structural changes, only by improving technologies, materials in accordance with the operating conditions and customer requirements. At the same time, there are eliminated difficulties when operating HERS, included in SUS, in fire departments of various types, in particular, when using, washing, dry cleaning, drying, storage. The organizational and technical system of HERS operation is being improved, including such components as training and the procedure of operation accounting, service life, terms of repair, write-off and replacement of components as well as restoration of protective properties while operating and repair engineering.

Рассмотрена проблема рационального распределения пожарно-спасательной техники в территориальные органы и учреждения МЧС России. Сформулированы условия ее эксплуатации, влияющие на сроки службы и списания, - количество личного состава, количество выездов на пожары и чрезвычайные ситуации (ЧС) за определенный период, среднее время работы на пожаре и ЧС, решаемые оперативно-тактические задачи, климатические условия, специфика охраняемых объектов, ремонтопригодность в условиях потребителя. На примере боевой одежды пожарного как одного из самых востребованных видов пожарно-спасательной техники приводится методика расчета рационального распределения боевой одежды по территориальным органам и учреждениям МЧС России. Приводятся критерии пригодности к дальнейшей эксплуатации с учетом невозможности проведения инструментального контроля в условиях потребителя. Logistics of fire and rescue equipment (hereinafter referred to as FRT) is the basis for a high-quality and timely response to fires and emergencies of a natural and man-made nature. Based on the financial capabilities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia it is necessary to analyze the need for FRT of the territorial bodies of the Ministry based on data on the number of personnel in the territorial body; the number of fire fighting and emergency responses over the previous year; the number of FRT unsuitable for further operation. The article presents a methodology for calculating the necessary FRT for the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia on the example of a firefighter‘s combat clothing (FCC). FCC is a means for individual protection of the personnel of firefighters and emergency rescue units, which is used by all fire-fighting categories when extinguishing all types of fires. The methodology is based on the following: the required number of different types of FRT over the years; the most popular types of FRT for inclusion in the procurement plan; the amount of materials and components to maintain fire and rescue equipment in working condition. The number of personnel, the number of fire and emergency responses for a certain period, the average time of work on fire and emergency situations, operational and tactical tasks to be solved, climatic conditions, the specifics of protected objects, maintainability in consumer conditions and other indicators affect the change in the technical condition of the FRT. All these components that affect the technical condition of combat clothing and the possibility of its operation are taken into account in this methodology. According to the methodology, the number of required FRT is calculated for distribution to the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. In addition, calculations carried out on the basis of the methodology make it possible not only to optimize the supply of the necessary FRT, but also to determinet technical condition of the possibility of extending its operation.

В статье рассмотрен вопрос об упреждающих мероприятиях, доступных гражданам при подготовке к спасанию из высотных зданий при пожаре. Приведены вероятные сценарии развития пожара и оптимальный порядок действий. Материал имеет целью помочь рядовому обывателю наиболее рационально использовать имеющееся у человека время с начала возгорания до наступления первого из опасных факторов пожара. Предлагаемые решения не обременительны ни с организационной, ни с финансовой стороны и могут быть приняты за базовый уровень подготовки к индивидуальному спасанию из высотных зданий при различных чрезвычайных ситуациях. The article considers the issue of proactive measures for citizens in preliminary preparation for rescue from high-rise buildings during a fire. Recommended means and probable scenarios of fire development with the optimal scheme of actions are given. The fire is always a sudden event, so it is necessary to prepare fire alarm and rescue means preliminarily and to elaborate the order of their application depending on the situation in the case of fire inside an apartment. There are distinguished from the list of normatively established primary and secondary fire hazrds two new hazards not having numerical expression namely “shortage of time” and “unpredictability”. These factors cause most of the accidents in the residential sector which is clearly seen in the materials of the statistical compendium. The material is intended to help the ordinary human to use the time available to a person from the beginning of a fire to the onset of the first of fire hazards in the most rational way. The proposed solutions are not burdensome either in organizational or financial aspects and can be taken as a basic level of preparation for individual rescue from high-rise buildings in various emergencies.