The 19th century Russian surgeon Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov believed passionately in the importance of anatomy for surgeons. His interest in anatomy began as a medical student in Moscow. After graduating in 1828 Pirogov entered the postgraduate German‐Baltic University of Dorpat (now Tartu in the Republic of Estonia) where he studied anatomy and surgery. After completing his study, he remained to research the consequences of ligation of the aorta in a series of animal experiments, which formed the core of his doctoral thesis. He wanted to determine the feasibility of aortic ligation as a treatment for patients with an aneurysm of the aorta or iliac artery. He discovered that success was only likely when the aorta was ligated between the two mesenteric arteries and the ligature gradually tightened, an approach surgically difficult in humans. Pirogov then spent 2 years at the Charité Hospital in Berlin before returning to Russia. In 1841, he was appointed Professor of Applied Anatomy and Surgery at the Imperial Medico‐Surgical Academy in Saint Petersburg. He instituted the teaching of microscopy and histology to the medical curriculum and in 1846 formed the Institute for Applied Anatomy within the academy, where in addition to teaching medical students future teachers of anatomy in Russia were trained. Pirogov published extensively on anatomy, including several anatomical atlases, the most notable his three‐dimensional atlas of topographical anatomy published in four volumes between 1852 and 1859. Today Pirogov's contributions to anatomy are remembered in a number of anatomical structures named after him. Clin. Anat., 33:714–730, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

1 Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Российская Федерация, 199034, Университетская наб., 7-9 2 Военно-медицинская академия им. С. М. Кирова, Российская Федерация, 194044, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, 37 В обзоре представлен анализ современной литературы, касающийся возможностей метода биоимпедансометрии в оценке компонентного состава тела человека. Приведены краткие исторические факты появления, становления и развития биоимпедансного анализа в различных областях медицины. Отражены основные параметры, оцениваемые данным методом, среди которых -количество жидкости в организме, индекс массы тела, скорость основного обмена, костная и жировая массы, уровень физического развития и другие, а также их референтные значения в зависимости от пола и возраста. Приведены основные характеристики биоимпедансного анализа, а также дана сравнительная оценка биоимпедансометрии и антропометрии. Описаны типы аппаратуры, используемой при проведении исследований, и их различия между собой. Сформулированы показания и противопоказании к использованию данного метода, а также методика и техника ее выполнения. Отражена область применения биоимпедансометрии в медицине и антропологических исследованиях. Отмечены половые и возрастные различия компонентного состава тела человека по результатам соматотипирования с применением метода по данным исследований, проанализированных в статье. Подчеркнута роль биоимпедансометрии как метода, лежащего в основе превентивно-предиктивной медицины, указывающего на необходимость проведения дополнительных лабораторно-функциональных исследований с целью определения дальнейшей тактики лечения и ведения пациентов. Библиогр. 39 назв.Ключевые слова: антропометрия, биоимпедансометрия, жировая масса, индекс массы тела, компонентный состав, костная масса, мышечная масса, основной обмен, физическое развитие, электрический импеданс.

During the reign of Peter the Great and his successors most significant achievements in the field of public health in Russia took place. In order to train domestic doctors, especially for the army and navy, Peter I organized the training of the best representatives of Russia at the leading medical universities in Europe, and especially at the University of Leiden. He also created the first medical surgical schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, close ties in the field of medicine between Russia and the Netherlands were established. A significant number of doctors, graduates of the Leiden University practiced in Russia and held very high positions in Russian medical services. This contributed to the advancement of advanced European technologies in the provision of medical services and medical education in Russia. Therefore the role of Dutch doctors in the development of Russian medicine in the Petrine era is extremely significant. Under their leadership, the first hospitals and medical schools were established, the first textbooks were developed in Russian and scientific research was conducted. The Academy of Sciences created by Peter the Great was the centre of scientific achievements of Imperial Russia.

The aim of the study was to describe morphometric characteristics of the posterior parts of the nasal cavity in different periods of childhood and to specify the age-related norm for improving surgical treatment options of choanal atresia and providing an optimal access to the anterior part of the skull base. Material and methods. The study included 87 children aged 1-21 who were exposed to craniometry of the nasal cavity structures. Results. The age-related variability of the linear dimensions and shape of the choanae, their relationship with the dimensions of the pyriform aperture and the height of the nasal cavity in the posterior part were defined in the study. The increase in the height of the choanae and the height of the nasal cavity at the back starts from 2– 3 years of age, and the width – from 8–12 years of age. The height and width of the pyriform aperture are equal to the age of 8–12; these parameters increase in older children's groups with a predominance of the height over the width. The height of the nasal cavity at the back increases in all age periods. The growth of the studied structures of the nasal cavity is completed by adolescence. In infancy, the height of the choanae is less than the height of the nasal cavity at the back by 45%, and less than the height of the pyriform aperture by 20%; in adolescence, these ratios are 42% and 23%, respectively. In infancy the choanal width is less than the width of the pyriform aperture by 49%, and in adolescence – by 40%. In infancy and early childhood, the choanae are typically small in height and width. Their shape is round in 25% of cases, however, ovoid shape is also found. The height and width of the pyriform-shaped aperture at these age periods are similar and do not exceed 17–18 mm; the height of the nasal cavity at the back is 25–27 mm. Conclusion. The authors have described age-related morphometric features of the posterior structures of the nasal cavity. These features should be taken into account by otorhinolaryngologists and neurosurgeons when planning endoscopic intranasal surgical access in children. The younger the child is, the more difficult it is to perform a surgery due to the significant restriction of the access resulted from the small size of the piriform opening and the nasal cavity, and the obstinacy of the nasal septum. When performing choanotomy for atresia, it is necessary to form the choana comparing it in shape and size with the age-related norm

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