Background & Aims. Evaluation of the minimal residual disease (MRD) at different stages of chemotherapy is one of key prognostic factors and a factor of stratification of patients into risk groups in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The MRD detection on Day 15 and at later stages is based on identifying blast cells with a leukemia-associated immune phenotype. The aim is to assess the potential of 8-color standardized EuroFlow panels and to detect individual criteria for MRD monitoring during primary diagnosis. Materials & Methods. The analysis included data on the primary immune phenotype and MRD assessment during chemotherapy in 10 adults and 35 children with a confirmed diagnosis of B-cell precursors ALL. Results. The ALL phenotype characteristics at the stage of primary diagnosis permit to make the most complete description of the of 8-color standardized EuroFlow panels. This gives an opportunity to select the most informative antigen combinations for further MRD monitoring. Combinations with CD58/CD38, CD81/CD9 antigen expression, as well as assessment of pan-myeloid CD13, CD33 antigen co-expression may be recommended as the most frequent aberrant immune phenotypes of blast cells in ALL. As for B-lineage progenitor cells in children on Day 15 of the induction therapy, a detection of TdT+ сyCD22⁺ cell population is necessary in addition to the quantification of CD10+ and/or CD34⁺ В-lineage progenitor cells. Conclusion. Therefore, the 8-color standardized EuroFlow panels permit not only to characterize the primary ALL immune phenotype in details, but may also be widely used for MRD evaluation at all stages of chemotherapy.

The minimum residual disease (MRD) for hematopoietic and lymphoid systems tumors is an important component of patient examination during therapy. The MRD detection is performed to evaluate the effect of therapy and risk stratification during chemotherapy (acute leukemia) or at the end of it (peripheral B-cell lymphomas). The main laboratory methods for MRD assessing are molecular (polymerase chain reaction) and immunological (multi-parameter flow cytometry (FC)) methods. Immunological evaluation of MRD is the standard of clinical protocols for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia during induction therapy. In the case of acute leukemia in adults, MRD assessment is usually performed at the end of the consolidation course. Clinically significant and practically standardized is the immunological assessment of MRD in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.In multiple myeloma (in World Health Organization (2016) classification – plasma cell myeloma (PCM)), work is also underway to standardize protocols and unify approaches to MRD detection. With the introduction of new drugs and treatment regimens, as well as transplantation clinical outcome of patients significantly improved and MRD value is considered as a prognostic factor. To date, the use of the MRD value as a biomarker of treatment response in PCM has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.With the accumulation of our knowledge regarding the MRD and to establish the clinical significance of the FC in PCM, International Multiple Myeloma Study Group (IMWG) in 2011 was added the following definition to the traditional criteria of PCM complete remission: “Immunophenotypic complete remission” – the immunophenotypically absence of aberrant clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow when analyzing at least 1 million myelocaryocytes using a multiparameter FC (4 or more parameters).This article discusses the evolution of immunological approaches using a multi-parameter FC to detect MRD in patients with PCM in accordance with various existing protocols, features of the preanalytical stage and general rules for FC detection of MRD in PCM.

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В1-лимфоциты-субпопуляция В-клеток, на долю которой в селезенке приходится 5 % от общего числа В-клеток. В1-лимфоциты секретируют преимущественно IgM, который играет важную роль в индукции апоптоза опухолевых клеток. Спленэктомия с целью адекватной лимфодиссекции при раке желудка вызывает выраженные и длительные иммунологические нарушения. Это в первую очередь затрагивает субпопуляцию В1а-лимфоцитов, которая обеспечивает тимуснезависимый иммунный ответ. Цель исследования-изучить особенности В-клеточного звена иммунитета у больных раком желудка. Материалы и методы. Проанализирован субпопуляционный состав В-лимфоцитов периферической крови больных раком желудка, подвергшихся хирургическому лечению методом проточной цитометрии (Facs Can, программа Lysys II и FacsCanto II, программа Facs Diva). Клетки окрашивались одномоментно тремя моноклональными антителами, меченными различными флуорохромами. Результаты. Полученные данные демонстрируют нарушение состава субпопуляций В-клеток. В группе больных со стандартной D2-лимфодиссекцией и спленэктомией на дооперационном этапе и спустя 3 мес после операции выявлена достоверная корреляция между относительным количеством В-лимфоцитов (p = 0,018), CD5+В-лимфоцитов (p = 0,012) и количеством CD19+CD38+-клеток (p = 0,035). Кроме того, после хирургического лечения значительно возрос процент CD5+В-лимфоцитов-с 12,9 до 21,8 %, тогда как суммарное количество CD19+ лимфоцитов и CD19+СD21+ клеток снижалось. Заключение. У больных опытной группы может наблюдаться снижение антителoпродукции, ослабление как общего, так и противоопухолевого иммунитета.