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Влияние осушения и применения минеральных удобрений на урожайность яровой пшеницы Л.И. П е т р о в а , Ю .И. М и т р о ф а н о в , Н .К. П е р в у ш и н а ФГБНУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт мелиорированных зе мель», п. Эммаус, Тверская область, Российская Федерация Представлены результаты исследований 2012-2017 гг по изучению влияния различных норм минеральных удобрений и осушения на урожайность яровой пшеницы, водно-физические свойства почвы, питательный режим, биологическую активность, фотосинтетическую деятельность, оплату 1 кг д.в. прибавкой урожая в условиях Твер ской области. Опыт заложен на осушаемой закрытым дренажом и неосушаемой дерново-подзолистой легкосугли нистой почве в 3 вариантах: 1-без удобрений, 2-N45P45K45, 3-N90P90K90. Наибольшие различия по водно-воз душному режиму на этих почвах наблюдались по влажности пахотного слоя и порозности аэрации, в среднем за вегетацию по итогам 6 лет на осушаемых они соответственно составили 65% наименьшей влагоемкости (НВ) и 28% объема почвы, на неосушаемых-85 и 21%. Применение удобрений и повышение их норм оказало положитель ное влияние на содержание нитратного и аммиачного азота в пахотном слое почвы на обоих участках без особых различий по ним. Осушение и применение удобрений оказали благоприятное воздействие на показатели фотосинтетической деятельности и в целом на формирование урожая. Площадь листьев в 1 и 3 вариантах опыта, фотосинтетический потенциал отличались на участках в 2,3-2,9 раза, на осушаемых землях в среднем по вариантам опыта они были выше соответственно на 28 и 31%. В среднем по вариантам с внесением удобрений урожайность яровой пшеницы на осушаемом участке сформировалась больше на 0,6 т /га Во 2 варианте с внесением удобрений, по сравнению с фоном без них, урожай повысился на осушаемом участке на 60%, неосушаемом-на 57%, увеличение нормы удобрений обеспечило прибавку соответственно участкам на 16 и 21%. Наибольшая оплата 1 кг д.в. удобре ний урожаем на обоих участках была от внесения N45P45K45-9,8 кг зерна на осушаемом и 7,9 кг на неосушаемом Ключевые слова: удобрения, водно-физические свойства, питательный режим, биологическая активность, фотосинтетическая деятельность, структура урожая яровой пшеницы, осушаемые и неосушаемые почвы

The research was carried out on the experimental fields of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (FGBNU  VNIIMZ) (Tver Region). Soil sod-podzolic light loamy and sandy loamy, drained, humus content 1.8-2.6%, medium and high content of nutrients, soil reaction weakly acidic and close to neutral. It has been established that when oats are grown in crop rotation after potatoes and winter rye, using the basic elements of intensive technologies, the oats sowing norms can be reduced from 6.0 million / ha of allotment grains recommended by the farming system to 4.0 and 5.0 without damage for the harvest. Analysis of the structure of the crop showed that a decrease in the norms of sowing of oats leads to a decrease in the density of standing of plants and the number of productive stems per unit area. The associated crop losses were compensated for by more intense plant growth and the increase in the mass of grain in the panicle. The associated crop losses were compensated for by more intense plant growth and the increase in the mass of grain in the panicle. With a decrease in the sowing norms from 8.0 to 3.0 million / ha of virgin grains, the number of productive stems consistently decreased from 506 to 309 pieces / m2, and the grain weight in the panicle increased from 0.77 to 1.22 grams, the number of grains in a panicle from 31.8 to 38.8 pcs., weight of 1000 grains from 24.1 to 31.4 grams. With a decrease in the oats sowing norms from 6.0 to 4.0 million, productive tillering of oat plants increased by 32.2%, grain weight in the panicle by 20.0%, the number of grains by 14.7% and weight of 1000 grains - by 4.9%. The decrease in the oats sowing norms from 6.0 to 4.0-5.0 million / ha of virgin grains reduces the consumption of seeds for growing 1 ton of grain by 16.7-33.4%, direct costs for cultivating oats per 1 hectare crops at the expense of saving seeds are reduced by 500-1000 rubles.

Abstract. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of fertilizer rates depending on drainage and weather conditions on the yield and quality of potatoes, their payback with an increase in yield. Methodology and methods of research. The studies were conducted in a two-factor field experiment in 2012–2020, factor A – drainage (drained by closed potter drainage and non-drained soil), factor B – various fertilizer rates (without fertilizers; multi-purpose compost (KMN) 10 t/ha + K90; KMN 10 t/ha + N70K180). The soil of experimental plot of sod-podzolic light loamy are predominant, well-cultivated. Potatoes were cultivated according to the ridge technology developed at VNIIMZ, the predecessor of winter grain crops. According to weather conditions, the years of research are divided into excessively humid, humid and arid. Analyses and observations were carried out according to the generally accepted methods of experimental work, calculations using statistical analysis. Results. The tendencies of changes in the indicators of the water-air regime of the arable layer of soil (moisture, total porosity, porosity of aeration, bulk density) depending on drainage and weather conditions were revealed. The influence of fertilizer rates on drained and non-drained areas, depending on weather conditions, on the content of mineral nitrogen in the soil, yield and its structure, the quality of potato production (content of nitrates, starch in tubers), the use of photosynthetically active solar radiation, payback of fertilizers by an increase in yield has been established. The share of the influence of fertilizers and drainage on the variability of the yield in different weather conditions has been determined. Scientific novelty. The share of the participation of the studied factors in the variability of the potato yield and the rational rates of the use of fertilizers, depending on soil and weather conditions, have been established.

The article presents the results of three-year studies conducted on the experimental field of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (VNIIMZ). The purpose of the research was to study the efficiency of various rates of fertilizer usage on winter triticale productivity. There has been studied the effect of rates of mineral fertilizer usage on the elements of the winter triticale yield structure, protein percentage in grain, use of photosynthetically active solar radiation (PAR efficiency), fertilizers’ cost recovery by yield increase. The cultivation of winter triticale was carried out on a drained well-cultivated sod-podzolic light loamy gleyed soil. The winter triticale was sown after one-year-old clover in three variants: the first variant was without fertilizer usage, the second variant was with N15Р15K45+ N30fertilizer usage (in the period of tillering) and the third variant was with N30Р30K90+N60fertilizer usage. In the variant without fertilizer usage the productivity was 3.37 t/ha on average. In the second variant the productivity increased on 56.4% to 5.27 t/ha, in the third variant the increase was on 78.9% to 6.03 t/ha. Due to the use of fertilizer, the number of productive stems raised on 95 and 117 pcs/m2, the number of kernels per head increased on 4.0 and 6.0 pcs. The protein content in grain in the variants with fertilizer usage increased on 1.0–1.7%. The PAR efficiency without fertilizer usage was the lowest (1.34), it was 1.94 with N45Р15K45fertilizer usage and 2.26 with N90Р30K90fertilizer usage. Fertilizers’ cost recovery by winter triticale yield increase which was sown after one-year-old clover in a well-cultivated soil, was the highest with 18.1 kg/kg of N45Р15K45fertilizer usage and with 12.7 kg/kg of N90Р30K90fertilizer usage.