Влияние осушения и применения минеральных удобрений на урожайность яровой пшеницы Л.И. П е т р о в а , Ю .И. М и т р о ф а н о в , Н .К. П е р в у ш и н а ФГБНУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт мелиорированных зе мель», п. Эммаус, Тверская область, Российская Федерация Представлены результаты исследований 2012-2017 гг по изучению влияния различных норм минеральных удобрений и осушения на урожайность яровой пшеницы, водно-физические свойства почвы, питательный режим, биологическую активность, фотосинтетическую деятельность, оплату 1 кг д.в. прибавкой урожая в условиях Твер ской области. Опыт заложен на осушаемой закрытым дренажом и неосушаемой дерново-подзолистой легкосугли нистой почве в 3 вариантах: 1-без удобрений, 2-N45P45K45, 3-N90P90K90. Наибольшие различия по водно-воз душному режиму на этих почвах наблюдались по влажности пахотного слоя и порозности аэрации, в среднем за вегетацию по итогам 6 лет на осушаемых они соответственно составили 65% наименьшей влагоемкости (НВ) и 28% объема почвы, на неосушаемых-85 и 21%. Применение удобрений и повышение их норм оказало положитель ное влияние на содержание нитратного и аммиачного азота в пахотном слое почвы на обоих участках без особых различий по ним. Осушение и применение удобрений оказали благоприятное воздействие на показатели фотосинтетической деятельности и в целом на формирование урожая. Площадь листьев в 1 и 3 вариантах опыта, фотосинтетический потенциал отличались на участках в 2,3-2,9 раза, на осушаемых землях в среднем по вариантам опыта они были выше соответственно на 28 и 31%. В среднем по вариантам с внесением удобрений урожайность яровой пшеницы на осушаемом участке сформировалась больше на 0,6 т /га Во 2 варианте с внесением удобрений, по сравнению с фоном без них, урожай повысился на осушаемом участке на 60%, неосушаемом-на 57%, увеличение нормы удобрений обеспечило прибавку соответственно участкам на 16 и 21%. Наибольшая оплата 1 кг д.в. удобре ний урожаем на обоих участках была от внесения N45P45K45-9,8 кг зерна на осушаемом и 7,9 кг на неосушаемом Ключевые слова: удобрения, водно-физические свойства, питательный режим, биологическая активность, фотосинтетическая деятельность, структура урожая яровой пшеницы, осушаемые и неосушаемые почвы

In the conditions of the Stavropol Krai arid region the single nutrient fertilizer treatment of winter wheat does not always justify the costs expended due to the moisture deficit during the growing season. In this regard, one of current promising areas is the additional combined use of chemical fertilizers, growth-stimulating agents and micronutrients intended for seed and vegetative plant treatment. In 2018–2020 a research was conducted into the effect of the VL 77 growth stimulants and the Orakul Semena, Orakul Multikompleks, and Orakul Sera Activ micronutrient complexes at different growth and development stages during winter wheat cultivation in the volatile weather conditions of the Stavropol Krai arid region. The research establishes the effectiveness of the combined use of the next-generation stimulants during winter wheat cultivation on chestnut soils in the conditions of the Stavropol Krai arid region. The highest yield of the Idilliya winter wheat variety (4.68 t/ha) was achieved by initially dressing the seeds with the VL 77 growth stimulants combined with the Orakul Semena micronutrient complex and treating the seeds with the VL 77 growth stimulants in combination with the Orakul Multikompleks micronutrient complex during the spring growth resumption period. The second treatment of vegetative plants during the flag leaf stage stimulated their growth, but moisture deficit reduced the yields by 2.3%. Still, the yields obtained exceeded the test yields by 4.3%. On average, during the three years of research the growth stimulant and micronutrient complex treatment boosted the yielding capacity in moisture deficit conditions by 4.6–5.1%. The cost effectiveness concurrently increased from 66.0% to 89.0%.

In the article, a comprehensive evaluation of the role of organic farming in the formation of the crop and the nutritional value of perspective varieties cultivated within the climatic zone of Western Siberia is considered. The most favorable conditions for growing potatoes in the Altai Region of the Western Siberia are compared with other regions of Russia and those of foreign countries. In the southern and southeastern regions of the Altai region, where the formation of tubers coincides with the hot period of the first half of summer, the high soil temperature negatively affects the eyes of the tubers. Therefore, the seed material here rapidly degenerates. To avoid this, summer potatoes are planted. Irrigation ensures high and stable potato yields irrespective of weather conditions. Moisture content of soil during the period from planting potatoes to shoots should be maintained at the level of 65-70 per cent, in the budding and flowering phases -of 75-85 per cent and during the period from the beginning of wilting of potato tops -of 60-65 per cent. The number of irrigations, their terms and standards, are determined by taking into account soil-climatic conditions, the phase of plant development and the application area of a crop. The most effective irrigation method is sprinkling. The irrigation norm ranges from 500 to 800 m3 per hectare. On irrigated lands, plowing of potato fields is carried out necessarily with a soil cultivator, preventing the formation of a plow pan. Rows are located across the slope, or angle-wise. After watering space between rows are loosened (on heavy soils also before watering). During irrigation process it is necessary to apply higher quantities of organic and mineral fertilizers and to carry out a set of measures to control weeds, pests and diseases of potatoes.

Studies with winter triticale were carried out in 2012-2018 in the experimental fields of the FGBNU VNIIMZ (Tver Region).We studied the effectiveness of drainage, fertilizers, combed ribbon-scattering method of sowing, harrowing combed crops, seed sowing rates. The soils of the experimental plot, drained by closed drainage, are soddy-podzolic, light loamy and loamy, gleyic, slightly acidic, the content of mobile phosphorus is high, exchange potassium is high, humus is 2.32-2.70%.On average, over 6 years, the yield of winter triticale (cultivar Nemchinovsky 56) amounted to 5.38 t / ha, or 0.63 t / ha more than rye. Under the influence of drainage, the yield of triticale increased by 1.18-2.71 t/ha or by 53.9-81.7%, against the background of fertilizers - by 1.13-2.66 t / ha (by 51.6 - 78,9 %). Under the combined action of drainage and fertilizers, the yield growth was 3.84 t / ha (175%). The highest payment of 1 kg of the active ingredient of fertilizers with a winter triticale crop was received at the drained site with the addition of N45P15K45 - 18.1 kg of grain. It has been established that it is advisable to grow winter triticale on drained lands on ridges 40-80 mm high with local soil compaction under the ridge and pressing seeds into the soil. With the comb method of sowing, the yield increase was 0.99 t / ha or 22.1% in relation to the existing sowing technology (SZ-3.6). The yield increase was due to a larger number of plants and productive stems per unit area (26.0%). Spring harrowing of winter triticale crops had a positive effect on the development of the root system, biomass and all the main elements of plant productivity, and increased triticale yield by 0.58 t / ha (11.6%). With a combed ribbon-spread method of sowing, high yields of winter triticale are possible in a wide range of seeds sowing rates.

The research was carried out on the experimental fields of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (FGBNU  VNIIMZ) (Tver Region). Soil sod-podzolic light loamy and sandy loamy, drained, humus content 1.8-2.6%, medium and high content of nutrients, soil reaction weakly acidic and close to neutral. It has been established that when oats are grown in crop rotation after potatoes and winter rye, using the basic elements of intensive technologies, the oats sowing norms can be reduced from 6.0 million / ha of allotment grains recommended by the farming system to 4.0 and 5.0 without damage for the harvest. Analysis of the structure of the crop showed that a decrease in the norms of sowing of oats leads to a decrease in the density of standing of plants and the number of productive stems per unit area. The associated crop losses were compensated for by more intense plant growth and the increase in the mass of grain in the panicle. The associated crop losses were compensated for by more intense plant growth and the increase in the mass of grain in the panicle. With a decrease in the sowing norms from 8.0 to 3.0 million / ha of virgin grains, the number of productive stems consistently decreased from 506 to 309 pieces / m2, and the grain weight in the panicle increased from 0.77 to 1.22 grams, the number of grains in a panicle from 31.8 to 38.8 pcs., weight of 1000 grains from 24.1 to 31.4 grams. With a decrease in the oats sowing norms from 6.0 to 4.0 million, productive tillering of oat plants increased by 32.2%, grain weight in the panicle by 20.0%, the number of grains by 14.7% and weight of 1000 grains - by 4.9%. The decrease in the oats sowing norms from 6.0 to 4.0-5.0 million / ha of virgin grains reduces the consumption of seeds for growing 1 ton of grain by 16.7-33.4%, direct costs for cultivating oats per 1 hectare crops at the expense of saving seeds are reduced by 500-1000 rubles.