The introduction into clinical practice of immune checkpoint inhibitors that block cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), has improved the prognosis of patients with malignant neoplasms of diff erent localisation. The antitumour eff ect of immune checkpoint inhibitors is based on blocking CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathways and enhancing lymphocyte antitumour activity. However, inhibition of immune checkpoints may lead to dysregulation of immune responses and appearance of a new type of adverse reactions resulting from changes in the activity of immunocompetent cells. The aim of the study was to analyse adverse reactions associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. It was demonstrated that the structure of immune-mediated adverse reactions varied depending on the class of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The incidence of immune-mediated adverse reactions was higher with CTLA-4 inhibitors as compared with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, and increased signifi cantly in the case of combination therapy. The treatment with CTLA-4 inhibitors most often resulted in skin reactions (rash, itching), gastrointestinal tract reactions (diarrhea, colitis), and endocrine gland problems (hypophysitis). The treatment with PD-1 inhibitors most often led to respiratory disorders (pneumonitis), and in some cases to gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhea, colitis), skin reactions (rash, itching), and endocrine gland problems (hypothyroidism), but they were less common. The treatment with PD-L1 inhibitors was associated with the development of pneumonitis. The development of immune-mediated adverse reactions may require discontinuation of treatment and administration of immunosuppressants, therefore early diagnosis and timely treatment of complications are important prerequisites for successful antitumour therapy. Further study of the mechanisms of immune-mediated adverse reaction development will optimise antitumour therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
In the 1960s, following the Thalidomide Disaster, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the development of an international drug safety monitoring programme. The objectives of this WHO programme are to improve the quality and safety of pharmaceuticals, and to support public health programmes by providing information for effective assessment of the risk-benefit ratio of medicinal products. The paper outlines the main focus areas of the programme and the mechanism of interaction between the countries involved. It summarises the functions of the WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring located in Uppsala, namely, accumulation and assessment of data on efficacy, inefficacy and risks of medicinal products, which are communicated by the participating countries, and provision of reliable and coherent data to specialists. The paper provides a review of online resources and methods used by VigiBase — global database of adverse drug reactions — that make it possible to search and analyse the data statistically. It describes the functions of the national monitoring centres located in different regions, and their interaction with the WHO. The dissemination of objective and reliable medical information throughout the world, promotion of pharmacovigilance as a science, creation of international partnerships and pooling of expertise from different countries allow for a significant improvement in the safety of pharmacotherapy.
Резюме. Европейским агентством по лекарственным средствам (далее -EMA) в 2012 году было сформулировано современное законодательство, определяющее порядок осуществления фармаконадзора -Правила надлежащей практики фармаконадзора (Good Pharmacovigilance Practices, далее GVP), которое заменило существовавшие ранее положения Руководства по фармаконадзору для лекарственных препаратов для человека. Положение по управлению сигналом включено в один из модулей GVP EMA и стало частью Правил GVP ЕАЭС. В 2017 году EMA опубликовало руководство по обнаружению сигнала в базах спонтанных сообщений, которое стало Приложением к Модулю IX Правил GVP «Управление сигналом». Предлагаемый в Приложении подход дополняет классический анализ диспропорциональности другими сведениями, на основе как статистических, так и клинических данных. В статье разбирается проблема выявления сигналов о безопасности лекарственных средств. Рассмотрены основные параметры, которые определяют эффективность методов выявления сигналов о диспропорциональности и позволяющие сравнивать разные статистические методы относительно друг друга. Разбираются приоритетные направления при оценке сигнала, а также приведены ключевые элементы качественного метода выявления сигналов, составленные с учетом экспертного мнения. Ключевые слова: сигнал; методы диспропорциональности; алгоритм определения сигнала; эффективность системы обнаружения сигналов; безопасность лекарственных средств; фармаконадзор Для цитирования: Журавлева ЕО, Вельц НЮ, Кутехова ГВ, Дармостукова МА, Аляутдин РН. Сигнал как инструмент системы фармаконадзора. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии 2018; 6(2): 61-67. https://doi. Pharmacovigilance Practices (GVP), which replaced the earlier provisions of the Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Human Medicines. The signal management position is included in one of the GVP EMA modules and became part of the EAEC GVP Rules. EMA in 2017 published a regulatory guide for detecting a signal in spontaneous reporting databases, which became an Annex to Module IX of the GVP Rules «Signal Management». The approach proposed in the Appendix supplements the classical analysis of disproportionality with other data, based on both statistical and clinical judgments. The article deals with the problem of detecting signals about the safety of medicines. The main parameters that determine the effectiveness of methods for detecting signals on disproportionality and allowing to compare the productivity of different statistical methods with respect to each other are considered. Priority directions are considered when evaluating the signal, and key elements of a qualitative method for detecting signals are drawn up, taking into account the expert opinion. Abstract. The European Medical Agency (EMA) in 2012 formulated modern legislation defining the procedure for pharmacovigilance -the Good
Резюме. В связи с повторяющимися сообщениями о побочных эффектах при применении антибиотиков фторхинолоновой группы эти препараты вновь и вновь становятся объектом пристального внимания специалистов фармаконадзора и врачей. Цель работы: изучение частоты и характера нежелательных реакций, связанных с применением препарата ципрофлоксацин, на основе анализа спонтанных сообщений, поступивших в российскую службу фармаконадзора. Материалы и методы: проведен ретроспективный анализ спонтанных сообщений о препарате ципрофлоксацин за период с 2008 по 2018 г. по базе данных «Фармаконадзор» автоматизированной информационной системы Росздравнадзора. Результаты: всего было зарегистрировано 3403 нежелательные реакции, возникшие у 2083 пациентов при применении ципрофлоксацина. Чаще всего развивались реакции со стороны кожи и подкожных тканей (37,3 %), общие расстройства и нарушения в месте введения (21,1 %), реакции со стороны желудочно-кишечного тракта (14,9 %). Более трети сообщений содержали информацию о серьезных нежелательных реакциях. Были выявлены непредвиденные реакции, не зафиксированные в инструкции по медицинскому применению ципрофлоксацина: брадикардия, предсердная аритмия, цианоз, повышение артериального давления. Выводы: антибиотики фторхинолонового ряда с доказанной эффективностью и многолетним опытом клинического применения продолжают оставаться препаратами, безопасность которых требует постоянного контроля. Результаты исследования подтвердили возможность выявления широкого спектра нежелательных реакций методом спонтанных сообщений. Регуляторным органам Российской Федерации целесообразно рекомендовать держателям регистрационных удостоверений внести в инструкцию по медицинскому применению ципрофлоксацина информацию о нежелательных реакциях, которые были зарегистрированы в постмаркетинговый период. Ключевые слова: ципрофлоксацин; фторхинолоновые антибиотики; нежелательные реакции; фармаконадзор; безопасность лекарств
The monitoring of information on the safety of various drugs is becoming more relevant day by day, as the number of drugs on the pharmaceutical market increases, generic drugs, bio-analogous drugs appear. Long-term post-marketing use of a medicinal product allows to accumulate a sufficient evidence base and experience of application in various population groups, to study the features of the use of this drug. Information on the safe use of new drugs can be obtained in selected scientific publications. In addition to publications in the specialized scientific literature, regulators of different countries on the basis of new information give opinions on the need to make changes in instructions for medical use. When analyzing the recommendations of Russian and foreign regulatory authorities on restricting the circulation of medicines and / or the need to amend the instructions for their medical use in connection with the change in the assessment of the safety profile, we identified 16 administrative decisions of foreign regulatory bodies containing information about the following drugs registered in Russia. We consider all recommendations to be important information on the safety of medicines, which is addressed to specialists in the field of medicine, in particular to persons authorized by pharmacovigilance in pharmaceutical companies. In addition, this information may be of interest to physicians of various specialties who in their practice use buprenorphine, venlafaxine, gadolinium contrast drugs hydroxyethyl starch, daclizumab, duloxetine, denosumab, cladribine, clomifene citrate, milnacipran, methotrexate, pemetrexet, radium dichloride, rifampicin, phoebusostat, flupirtine.
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