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Therapy of rats with CCl4 hepatitis with Stellaria media L. water-soluble polysaccharide fraction in a dose of 100 mg/kg reduces serum activities of transaminases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and the thymol test values. In the liver, the density of inflammatory infiltration of the organ parenchyma, total count of necrotic hepatocytes, fatty and protein degeneration are reducing. Hence, water-soluble polysaccharide fraction, isolated from the terrestrial part of Stellaria media L., is characterized by hepatoprotective activity.

Одним из факторов развития заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ), описанных в литературе, является приём нестероидных противовоспалительных средств (НПВС). Энтероколит является частым осложнением приема НПВС. Экспериментальное моделирование заболеваний ЖКТ, максимально приближенных по происхождению и механизму развития соответствующего заболевания у человека, является актуальной проблемой современной медицины. В работе представлены результаты сравнительного экспериментального биомоделирования НПВС-индуцированного энтероколита у лабораторных крыс. Установлено, что при внутрижелудочном введении ацетилсалициловой кислоты у животных выявлены лишь повреждения желудка. Введение декскетопрофена как пероральным способом, так и внутримышечным вызывает эрозивно-язвенные повреждения желудка и кишечника. Развитие повреждений не зависит от способа введения препарата. Впервые представлены результаты биомоделирования энтероколита при помощи декскетопрофена.Ключевые слова: биомодель, энтероколит, НПВС, крысы Конфликт интересов: авторы заявили об отсутствии конфликта интересов. Для цитирования: Клёсов Р.А., Каркищенко В.Н., Степанова О.И., Баранова О.В. Сравнительное экспериментальное биомоделирование НПВС-индуцированного энтероколита. Биомедицина. 2020;16(1):65-81. https://doi.РЕЛЕВАНТНОЕ И АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЕ БИОМОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ | RELEVANT AND ALTERNATIVE BIOMODELING БИОМЕДИЦИНА | JOURNAL BIOMED | 2020 | Toм 16 | № 1 | 65-81 laboratory rats. It was found that the intragastric administration of acetylsalicylic acid resulted mainly in stomach damage. The introduction of dexketoprofen -both orally and intramuscularly -causes erosive and ulcerative lesions of the stomach and intestines. The type of damage showed no correlation with the type of administration. For the fi rst time, the results of enterocolitis biomodelling using dexketoprofen are presented.

The genetic model of diabetes mellitus was studied on mutant C57Bl/KsLepr(db/+) mice. These mice were characterized by high concentrations of glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in the blood, polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, progressive obesity, biphasic morphological changes in insular islets of the pancreas (hyperplasia and atrophy), fatty degeneration of the liver, and hypoplasia of the spleen tissue and lymph nodes. Our results indicate that C57Bl/KsLepr(db/+) mice serve as an adequate model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This model is suitable for testing of therapeutic methods for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Relations were investigated between the structure of a series of onium salts, rates of alkaline hydrolysis catalyzed by the salts of 4-nitrophenyl N-benzyloxycarbonylglycinate in a two-phase liquid-liquid system, and the value of the standard exchange enthalpy of anions in ion pairs with the catalyst cation calculated by the semiempiric РМ3 method. The catalytic activity of ammonium, phosphonium, pyridinium, imidazolium, and benzimidazolium salts in a wide range of cation structures varies in parallel with the enthalpy of formation of the active form of the catalyst by the exchange of the anion with a hydroxide ion.Phase transfer catalysis (PTC) is widely used in the synthetic organic chemistry [1], and in the processes of ecotoxicants utilization [2]. As catalysts of these reactions in the two-phase systems water-organic fl uid onium salts are widely used [3]. The evaluation of the dependence of the effi ciency on the structure of catalysts various approaches have been applied. Commonly both the properties of the cation and the anion are taken into consideration [4]. Among the important qualities of the cation its lipophilicity is in particular highly valued [5], for the extractive capability of catalyst from water is connected with this characteristics. The catalyst distribution between the phases to a large measure is governed by the anion which should easily exchange with the other anions involved into the reaction. As a result all these requirements up till now cannot be expressed in a single simple rule. The properties used for the characterization are solubility, distribution constants between the phases, extraction constants, or selectivity [4]. Strictly speaking, they all are partial thermodynamic characteristics of only separate states of the equilibrium. In a system involving a chemical reaction at the variation of the phase compositions and the rate of the extraction fl ows these parameters are also changing. Consequently, they are governed not only by the composition of the catalyst but also by the varying in the course of the process composition of the reaction environment. Therefore it seems useful to look for more characteristic criteria of effi ciency evaluation of the phase transfer catalysts depending on their structure.The catalyst effi ciency may be estimated with the help of Starks kinetic model [5]. Below a scheme of the phase transfer catalysis is shown with a feedback involving only two anions: the nucleophile (Y -) and the counter-ion of the initial catalyst form (also the departing group X -). In the common case the processes are more complex and involve three and more anions. The catalytic cycle in this case is branched or includes a feedback trough a new ion pair QZ-reaction product.The active catalytic form QY arises in reactionswhere the indices "o" and "w" designate the organic and water phases respectively. These two equilibria to a large extent govern the quasistationary concentration QY o , and consequently, the effi ciency of the process and the catalysis on the whole.The excha...