The worldwide prevalence of diabetes among adults (aged 20?79 years) was 8.35% in 2013, and this is expected to increase by 55% (592 million adults) by 2035. To avoid the increase in the prevalence of diabetes, primary prevention and early diagnosis of prediabetes are required. It is important to identify individuals at a high risk of hyperglycaemia using inexpensive and available methods. At present, risk score is an alternative to identify the risk of developing diabetes. There are approximately 10 types of risk scores in the world, and further research for the development and adaptation of risk scores for various populations are being conducted. The use of risk score methods for prediction allows the setting of the level of total risk, identification of high-risk patients and prescription of necessary preventive measures. Actual validation of existing diabetes risk score for the Russian population is being conducted. Assessment of the risk of diabetes is simple, fast, inexpensive, non-invasive and reliable.

Aim.To study the possibility of using polymorphisms of genesTCF7L2,FABP2,KCNQ1,ADIPOQas markers for predicting the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in the population of Novosibirsk. Materials and methods.On the basis of prospective observation of a representative population sample of residents of Novosibirsk (HAPIEE), 2 groups were formed according to the case-control principle (case people who had diabetes mellitus 2 over 10 years of observation, and control people who did not developed disorders of carbohydrate metabolism). T2D group (n=443, mean age 56.26.7 years, men 29.6%, women 70.4%), control group (n=532, mean age 56.17.1 years, men 32.7%, women 67.3%). DNA was isolated by phenol-chloroform extraction. Genotyping was performed by the method of polymerase chain reaction with subsequent analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism, polymerase chain reaction in real time. Statistical processing was carried out using the SPSS 16.0 software package. Results and discussion.No significant effect of rs1799883 of theFABP2gene, rs2237892 of theKCNQ1gene, and rs6773957 of theADIPOQgene on the risk of developing T2D was found. Genotypes TT and TC rs7903146 of theTCF7L2gene are genotypes for the risk of developing T2D (relative risk RR 3.90, 95% confidence interval CI 2.316.61,p0.001; RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.422.43,p0.001, respectively). The CC genotype rs7903146 of theTCF7L2gene is associated with a protective effect against T2D (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.290.49,p0.001). When theTCF7L2gene is included in the model for assessing the risk of developing T2D rs7903146, it retains its significance in both men and women. Conclusion.The rs7903146 polymorphism of theTCF7L2gene confirmed its association with the prognosis of the development of T2D, which indicates the possibility of considering it as a candidate for inclusion in a diabetes risk meter. Variants of risk meters have been developed to assess the prognosis of the development of diabetes mellitus 2 in men and women aged 4569 years during 10 years of follow-up. The association with the prognosis of the development of T2D polymorphisms rs1799883 of theFABP2gene, rs2237892 of theKCNQ1gene and rs6773957 of theADIPOQgene was not found.

Цель исследования-изучение величины гликемического индекса (ГИ) рационов питания и риска развития метаболического синдрома у мужчин г. Новосибирска. Материал и методы. Кросс-секционное исследование выполнено в рамках международного проекта HAPIEE. Изучалась случайная репрезентативная выборка неорганизованного населения г. Новосибирска, 3 699 мужчин, средний возраст 58,1 ± 7,0, без сахарного диабета. Оценка фактического питания-частотный метод. Для расчета ГИ рационов использовали данные Международных таблиц гликемического индекса и гликемической нагрузки, а также данных, опубликованных Лобыкиной Е.Н. с соавт. Критерии метаболического синдрома принимались в соответствии с Российскими национальными рекомендациями ВНОК. Для сравнения принимались критерии МС NCEP ATP III, 2001. Статистическая обработка данных проведена с использованием пакета прикладных программ SPSS.11.5 (критерий Бонферрони в процедуре GLM). Оценку отношения шансов OR проводили с использованием бинарной логистической регрессии в квартилях гликемического индекса. Различия считались статистически значимыми при p < 0,05. Средний гликемический индекс рационов питания у мужчин г. Новосибирска составил в среднем 55,2 ± 3,3 с минимальным значением в первом квартиле 50,8 ± 2,4 и максимальном-58,9 ± 1,3 в четвертом. На фоне более низкого ГИ в группе первого квартиля доля лиц с ожирением, гипертриглицеридемией и гипергликемией в ней значимо больше, чем в квартиле с максимальным ГИ. Соответственно OR развития метаболического синдрома в четвертом квартиле минимальные: 0,70 (ДИ 0,58; 0,84; р < 0,001) (критерии МС ВНОК, 2009) и 0,69 (ДИ 0,54; 0,88; р < 0,001) (критерии МС NCEP ATP III, 2001). В группе первого квартиля ГИ установлено более высокое потребление животных продуктов и атерогенных насыщенных жирных кислот. На фоне более высокого потребления животных продуктов, жиров в целом более качественный профиль потребления растительной группы продуктов в первом квартиле способствует снижению ГИ рациона, но не риска развития метаболического синдрома. Наряду с рекомендациями по снижению потребления сахара, повышению количества продуктов с «медленными» углеводами следует усилить коррекцию жирового компонента питания. Особое внимание следует уделить снижению потребления соли. Ключевые слова: гликемический индекс, фактическое питание, метаболический синдром, распространенность метаболического синдрома.

Objective. To evaluate the prognostic significance of metabolic syndrome (MS) in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) using various MS criteria in Novosibirsk population. Materials and Methods. The study was designed as nested «case-control». Baseline population cohort (9360 men, women aged 45-69) was examined in the HAPIEE project and followed-up during 11 years. The "cases" included all subjects, who had CRC during 11-year follow-up according to the Register of Cancer (n=99, M-52, M-47). The matched control group (2/1) was selected from HAPIEE cohort (n=198, m-104, w-94). The prospective study of CRC was supported by RSF. MS criteria were determined in accordance to VNOK (2009), IDF (2005, NCEP ATP III (2001). Statistical package SPSS v.11.0 was used. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between MS and risk of CRC. Results. Women with glucose levels ≥6.1 mmol/l had 3 times higher 11-year risk of CRC then those with glucose <6.1 mmol/l (OR=3.11; 95%CI:1. 23-7.87, VNOK, 2009; OR=3.20; 95%CI:1.27-8.08, NCEP ATP III, 2001). Blood pressure (BP) ≥130/85 mmHg was associated with decreased risk of CRC in women and in both sexes, but the relationship became insignificant after controlling for antihypertensive treatment. Other components of the MS were not significantly associated with CRC risk. Conclusions. In studied sample the 11-year risk of developing CRC was significantly increased in women with elevated glucose levels. The negative relationship between elevated BP and the risk of CRC in women and both sexes became insignificant when adjusted for antihypertensive treatment; this finding requires further exploration. Keywords: metabolic syndrome, colorectal cancer, components of the metabolic syndrome, colon and rectum cancer.

Thyroid nodules are one of the most common thyroid diseases. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is estimated to be 2–65% depending on the detection methods. Yet despite the high frequency of thyroid nodules only about 5–10% of such nodules are malignant. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid nodule is currently the primary diagnostic tool for determining the nature of a thyroid nodule. Now, the fine needle aspiration biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing thyroid cancer but in 30% of cases the cytological conclusion is uncertain. Cytological research is not enough to diagnose benign and malignant tumors. The need to improve the effectiveness of fine needle aspiration biopsy findings led to the search for new diagnostic biomarkers and the creation of diagnostic panels on their basis for their application in the diagnosis of uncertain nodules. Determination of molecular markers in the thyroid aspirate will allow to differentiate benign and malignant tumors more accurately at the preoperative stage and reduce the number of inappropriate surgery. The review article presents the characteristics of MicroRNAs, allowing them to be used in preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Diagnostic panels based on gene mutations and MicroRNA expression demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity of these methods are also indicated. Analysis of literature indicates that molecular analysis of fine needle aspiration genetic material from thyroid nodal formations demonstrates great prospects of prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. However, there is no sufficient evidence to recommend or to prohibit of utilization this molecular testing during the cytological conclusion of indeterminate thyroid nodules. Molecular analysis (MicroRNA) is a perspective method for evaluation of thyroid nodal formations with indeterminate cytology, however, this method requires further study and improvement.