Методы, использованные для сбора / селекции доказа-тельств: электронные базы данных. Описание методов, использованных для сбора / селек-ции доказательств. Доказательной базой для Реко-мендаций являются публикации, вошедшие в Ко-крановскую библиотеку, базы данных EMBASE и MEDLINE. Глубина поиска составляла 5 лет. Методы, использованные для оценки качества и силы доказательств:• консенсус экспертов; • оценка значимости в соответствии с рейтинговой схемой (табл. 1). Методы, использованные для анализа доказательств:• обзоры опубликованных метаанализов; • систематические обзоры с таблицами доказа-тельств.Описание методов, использованных для анализа дока-зательств. При отборе публикаций как потенциаль-ных источников доказательств использованная в каж-дом исследовании методология изучается для того, чтобы убедиться в ее валидности. Результат изучения влияет на уровень доказательств, присваиваемый публикации, что, в свою очередь, влияет на силу вы-текающих из нее рекомендаций (табл. 2). Методологическое изучение базируется на не-скольких ключевых вопросах, которые сфокусирова-ны на особенностях дизайна исследования и оказыва-ют существенное влияние на валидность результатов и выводов. Эти ключевые вопросы могут варьировать-ся в зависимости от типов исследований и применяе-мых вопросников, используемых для стандартизации процесса оценки публикаций. В Рекомендациях был использован вопросник MERGE, разработанный Российское респираторное обществоФедеральные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению хронической обструктивной болезни легких РезюмеКлинические рекомендации составлены Российским респираторным обществом (РРО) на основании анализа данных, опубликованных за последние 5 лет в базах данных MEDLINE, ENBASE и Кокрановской библиотеке. Результаты анализа были рецензированы незави-симыми экспертами с учетом мнения практических врачей первичного звена. Качество и уровень выработанных доказательств и сила созданных на их основе рекомендаций оценены в соответствии с международными критериями. В данных клинических рекомендациях рассмотрены эпидемиология и социальная значимость, патогенез, клиническая картина, клас-сификация по степени тяжести и фенотипам, современные методы диагностики и дифференциальной диагностики, а также подходы к медикаментозному и немедикаментозному лечению хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ), включая длительную кис-лородотерапию и неинвазивную вентиляцию легких на дому, хирургическое лечение, терапию осложнений и обострений ХОБЛ, мето-ды легочной реабилитации. Настоящие клинические рекомендации соответствуют требованиям Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации к разра-ботке Федеральных клинических рекомендаций по основным нозологическим формам и методам терапии. Ключевые слова: хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, клинические рекомендации, фенотипы, диагностика, лечение, кислоро-дотерапия, неинвазивная вентиляция легких, медикаментозное лечение, хирургическое лечение, легочная реабилитация. Департаментом здравоохранения Нового Южного Уэльса. Этот вопросник предназначе...
The high prevalence of COPD together with its high level of misdiagnosis and late diagnosis dictate the necessity for the development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in order to improve the management of this disease. High-quality, evidence-based international CPGs need to be adapted to the particular situation of each country or region. A new version of the Russian Respiratory Society guidelines released at the end of 2016 was based on the proposal by Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease but adapted to the characteristics of the Russian health system and included an algorithm of pharmacologic treatment of COPD. The proposed algorithm had to comply with the requirements of the Russian Ministry of Health to be included into the unified electronic rubricator, which required a balance between the level of information and the simplicity of the graphic design. This was achieved by: exclusion of the initial diagnostic process, grouping together the common pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures for all patients, and the decision not to use the letters A–D for simplicity and clarity. At all stages of the treatment algorithm, efficacy and safety have to be carefully assessed. Escalation and de-escalation is possible in the case of lack of or insufficient efficacy or safety issues. Bronchodilators should not be discontinued except in the case of significant side effects. At the same time, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) withdrawal is not represented in the algorithm, because it was agreed that there is insufficient evidence to establish clear criteria for ICSs discontinuation. Finally, based on the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease statement, the proposed algorithm reflects and summarizes different approaches to the pharmacological treatment of COPD taking into account the reality of health care in the Russian Federation.
Treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most important tasks of clinical medicine due to high prevalence of and high mortality from COPD. Treatment of COPD as a heterogeneous disease requires different approaches depending on the severity and the clinical course of COPD. Clinical guidelines have become the principal document that regulates different aspects of management of COPD patients. Algorithms of management and clinical decision making are the crucial part of guidelines because they help achieving a balance between making the decision in different clinical situations and simple graphics. The simplified approach is important for implementation the algorithm into clinical practice. Different evidence-based therapeutic schemes proposed by experts of Russian Respiratory Society and other countries have been enclosed into this article with discussion about their strengths and limitations and possibility of practical use. The Russian algorithm reflects a current view on differentiated management of COPD patients and fits the requirements of Healthcare Ministry of Russian Federation and needs of achieving the optimal balance between high informative significance and a simple graphics of the scheme.
Observational studies indicate that overutilization of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Overprescription and the high risk of serious ICS-related adverse events make withdrawal of this treatment necessary in patients for whom the treatment-related risks outweigh the expected benefits. Elaboration of an optimal, universal, user-friendly algorithm for withdrawal of ICS therapy has been identified as an important clinical need. This article reviews the available evidence on the efficacy, risks, and indications of ICS in COPD, as well as the benefits of ICS treatment withdrawal in patients for whom its use is not recommended by current guidelines. After discussing proposed approaches to ICS withdrawal published by professional associations and individual authors, we present a new algorithm developed by consensus of an international group of experts in the field of COPD. This relatively simple algorithm is based on consideration and integrated assessment of the most relevant factors (markers) influencing decision-making, such a history of exacerbations, peripheral blood eosinophil count, presence of infection, and risk of community-acquired pneumonia.
Background: In Russia, current therapy for the long-term management of asthma is mainly nonsteroidal. This situation provides the opportunity to evaluate new asthma treatments in a patient cohort with little previous exposure to inhaled corticosteroids. Objectives: To compare the effect of formoterol (Oxis®) Turbuhaler® plus budesonide (Pulmicort®) Turbuhaler with budesonide Turbuhaler alone, on the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of patients with mild to moderate asthma. Methods: A double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, 12-week study compared formoterol Turbuhaler plus budesonide Turbuhaler and budesonide Turbuhaler alone with an open control group of the investigator’s choice of noncorticosteroid therapy. Patients completed the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ). Results: The improvement in HRQL scores for patients treated with noncorticosteroids was significantly less (p < 0.05) than those treated with formoterol plus budesonide and budesonide alone in all domains of the SF-36 and AQLQ with one marginal exception (budesonide versus investigator’s choice, SF-36, Mental Component Scale, p = 0.053). Improvements in HRQL scores of formoterol plus budesonide, compared with budesonide alone, although generally higher, were not significantly different. Formoterol plus budesonide was more effective in improving lung function and reducing both symptoms and the need for relief terbutaline inhalation. Conclusion: Formoterol Turbuhaler plus budesonide Turbuhaler and budesonide Turbuhaler alone significantly improved the HRQL of patients with mild to moderate asthma compared with noncorticosteroid treatment.
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