The processes of evacuation of educational institutions and students of the State labor reserves in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region are investigated. Key priorities are being reconstructed for their placement, arrangement in new places, integration into the structure of the needs of the region's military economy, and subsequent re-evacuation. The analysis of documents of various government bodies, public organizations and materials of personal origin. The systematic information on the evacuation of students of colleges and workschools (FZO) from the western regions of the USSR to the Sverdlovsk region is presented. Particular attention is paid to the problems of the functioning of educational institutions of state labor reserves during the evacuation period. It is emphasized that the reduction in the evacuation of educational institutions since 1943 leads to an increase in the demand of the Sverdlovsk region for the prepositioning of army conscripts from other regions of the country. The conclusion is drawn about the overall effectiveness of the evacuation policy in relation to educational institutions of state labor reserves. At the same time, there are examples of numerous private failures of the evacuation mechanism of colleges and schools of the federal educational institutions, which are explained by the negative role of a number of general principles that form the basis of the system of state labor reserves.
Введение. Создание в 1940 г. Государственных трудовых резервов СССР сопровождалось формированием специфической социокультурной среды, которая до настоящего времени остается практически не изученной. При этом многие элементы субкультуры были далеки от образа учащегося, официально декларируемого и формируемого государством. Цель. Выделить социокультурные маркеры, то есть наиболее значимые характеристики субкультуры, позволяющие охарактеризовать типичные черты официального и неформального портрета учащихся образовательных учреждений, входящих в систему государственных трудовых резервов. Методы. Методологической базой исследования является субкультурный подход, подчеркивающий общность внутрисубкультурных мировоззренческих основ, выполняющих «скрепляющую» функцию интеграции учащихся государственных трудовых резервов в единое и устойчивое образование. В исследовании применены: 1) историко-сравнительный и историко-системный методы; 2) синтез макро- и микроподходов исторического исследования, направленных на выявление поведенческих практик индивида; 3) социологические методы, позволяющие раскрыть содержательную сущность маркеров портрета учащихся, выделенных на основе анализа различных источников: официальных документов, эго-документов, произведений художественной литературы. Критерии отбора источников: происхождение, сохранность / доступность, релевантность. Результаты. Предложены показатели для реконструкции «парадного» и «непарадного» портрета учащихся системы государственных трудовых резервов (1940–1950-е гг.) через применение четырех категорий социокультурных маркеров (социально-демографические особенности, культурные ценности и ментальные характеристики, поведенческие практики и внешний облик), позволяющих наиболее емко воссоздать образ учащихся как представителей молодежной субкультуры. Научная новизна. Представлена основа для реконструкции социально-культурного портрета учащихся государственных трудовых резервов в 1940–1950-е гг. в оптике маркеров «парадности» и «непарадности». Практическая значимость. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при исследовании эволюции системы профессионально-технического образования. Introduction. The creation of the State labour reserves in the 1940s was accompanied by the formation of a specific socio-cultural environment that, to date, remains practically unexplored. At the same time, many elements of the subculture were quite distinct from the official image of a student formed by the labour reserves system. Aim. To identify sociocultural markers, i.e. the most significant characteristics of the subculture, which make it possible to characterise the typical features of the official and informal portrait of students in the state labour reserves. Methods. The study employed a subcultural approach that emphasised the commonality of intra-subcultural worldview foundations that perform a “fastening” function of integrating students of state labour reserves into a single and sustainable education. The study used: 1) historical-comparative and historical-system methods aimed at reconstructing the image of a student of the state labour reserves; 2) the synthesis of macro and micro approaches to historical research aimed at identifying the behavioural practices of an individual in a social group; 3) sociological research methods that allow revealing the content essence of the markers of the portrait of students, identified on the basis of the analysis of various sources (official documents, egodocuments, works of fiction, visual and other historical sources). Results. Indicators are proposed for the reconstruction of the “formal” and “informal” portrait of students in the system of state labour reserves (1940-1950s) through the use of four categories of socio-cultural markers (socio-demographic characteristics, cultural values and mental characteristics, behavioural practices and appearance), allowing to recreate the image of students as representatives of the youth subculture in a more succinct manner. Scientific novelty. The basis for the reconstruction of the socio-cultural portrait of students of the state labour reserves in the 1940s-1950s is presented in the optics of markers of “formal” and “informal” Practical significance. The results of the study can be applied in the study of the evolution of the system of vocational education.
В статье отмечается, что при осуществлении новой государственной политики в области воспитания подрастающего поколения целесообразно учитывать исторический опыт организации воспитательной деятельности в учебных заведениях системы Государственных трудовых резервов СССР в 1940–1950-е годы. В работе выявлены и структурированы фундаментальные принципы организации идейного, военно-патриотического и физического воспитания молодежи: наличие стержневой воспитательной идеи; непрерывность воспитательных усилий на протяжении всего срока обучения; комплексный характер воспитательной деятельности; выделение ограниченного круга приоритетных задач; активное вовлечение в воспитательную работу в системе Государственных трудовых резервов комсомола. Проведенный анализ позволил сделать вывод о том, что некоторые принципы и отдельные содержательные элементы модели воспитания учащихся системы Государственных трудовых резервов можно использовать сегодня при разработке современной концепции воспитания российской молодежи. The article notes that when implementing a new state policy in the field of education of the younger generation, it is advisable to take into account the historical experience of organizing educational activities in educational institutions of the State Labour Reserves of the USSR in the 1940s and 1950s. The paper identifies and structures the fundamental principles of the organization of ideological, military-patriotic and physical education of young people: the presence of a core educational idea; the continuity of educational efforts throughout the entire period of training; the complex nature of educational activities; allocation of a limited range of priority tasks; active involvement in educational work in the system of State Labour Reserves of the Komsomol. The analysis made it possible to conclude that some principles and some content elements of the model of education of students in the system of State Labour Reserves can be used today in the development of a modern concept of education of Russian youth.
The experience of adaptation of educational institutions of the regional system of stationary training of qualified workers in the context of the migration impact in the 1940s — the first half of the 1950s is considered. A number of approaches in modern domestic and foreign historiography, postulating the existence, along with punitive and coercive mechanisms of ensuring the loyalty of the Soviet working class, a number of administrative practices that provided significant support for state policy “from below,” from the working masses, are highlighted. It is shown that the awareness of the impossibility of widespread use of compulsory punitive mechanisms without restriction was formed directly during the implementation of state policy in the 1940s — mid 1950s, it was also represented among the leaders of the system for training young skilled workers — the State Labor Reserves. It is noted that such an understanding leads already at the beginning of the 1940s, in the most difficult conditions of the initial period of the Great Patriotic War, to the development among the leadership of educational institutions and the regional administration of the State Labor Reserves mechanisms for adapting educational institutions and students to a complex of problems caused by the powerful migration impact. The authors identified four groups of such mechanisms that ensured the minimum sufficient level of student loyalty to solving educational and production problems: agitation and information; organizational; economic and material and household; sociocultural.
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