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A b s t r a c tA recent trend in the world's crop production is an intensified cultivation of oil-yielding crops, particularly rape (Brassica napus), as a source of vegetable oils and valuable protein for animal nutrition. Rape is especially promising crop for climatic and soil conditions of the Russian Federation as it can be grown almost all over the country. Energy content in rape is 1.7 to 2.0 times as much as in cereals, and 1.3 to 1.7 times as much as in legumes. Amino acid composition in rape proteins is well-balanced, and the lysine level is almost similar to that in soy, while the methionine, cystine, Ca and P levels are much higher. In animal farming and poultry the rape seeds, as well as rape oilcake, meal and oil are used. In rape seeds the fat content is 40 %, the protein level reaches 23 % and cellulose amounts to 4 %. However, their use in hen's feeding is limited due to poor digestibility of seed shells and specific composition. In rape oil the level of unsaturated fat acids is high, i.e. 60.0-70.0 % for oleic acid, 23.3 % for linoleic acid and 10.5 % for linolenic acid which can regulate biosynthesis of prostaglandins thus effecting positively the reproductive function. Biological, energy and protein value of rape seed meal is high and similar to that of high-protein feed-stuff of animal origin. The rape meal is rich in choline, biotin, folic acid, riboflavin, thiamin and minerals compared to soy though some of these elements are less available. The rape oilcake contains fats at 8.75 %, cellulose at 12.0 % and proteins at 32.0 % on the average. These proteins are enriched with irreplaceable amino acids, and the lysine and Scontaining amino acids levels amount to 5.7 and 5.0 %, respectively. Anti-nutritive compounds including erucic acid and glucosinolates are the factors limiting use of rapeseed and related products in animal nutrition. In the article the methods for improving nutritive value of rapeseed products are discussed, including genetic selection of rape, thermal processing and supplementation of diets with enzyme preparations. Classification of rape cultivars is considered with regard to fatty acids and glucosinolates content in seeds («++», «0+», «+0», «00», «000»). Supplementation of broiler diets with rapeseed cake containing 0.41 % of isothiocyanates and 0.25 % of erucic acid together with a designed enzyme preparation MEC-CP-4 (Russia) is proposed as an effective feeding technology. In poultry this additive allows to use fodder containing 7.5; 10.0 and 15.0 % of rapeseed oilcake in case it is supplemented with 500, 750 and 1000 ppm MEC-CP-4, respectively.

A b s t r a c tMicroorganisms which inhabit gut play great role in providing with nutrients, antibiotics, hormones and vitamins necessary for poultry health and performance. Therefore study of gut microbiome changes during ontogenesis seems to be essential. The structure of gut microflora in poultry embryos is of particular interest and debated because of very few publications on the problem. Despite embryo intestine is commonly considered sterile there are several reports on gut colonization by microorganisms in embryos during ontogenesis. Using T-RFLP (Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis to generate a fingerprint of a microbial community we compared gut flora in chick embryos on days 6 and 17 to those in 26-day, 150-day and 300-day old Hisex White layers. Unlike accepted view, a high biodiversity was seen in embryo gut with Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli mainly) predominated. Clostridia, Bacteroides, Negativicutes, Actinomycetales, Bifidocteriales were also found in contrast to earlier reports of their presence only in chicks at hatching and in adult poultry gut. Moreover, in the embryo gut we found the causal agents of dangerous animal disease, Burkholderia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., Klebsiella sp. and Rickettsiales bacteria. Interestingly, the embryo gut biodiversity on day 6 was higher as compared to day 17 (75±2.75 phylotypes vs 30±1.20 phylotypes). In the layers aged 26, 150 and 300 days the diversity was much higher (over 175±8.12 phylotypes) as compared to embryos due to new members involved into gut bacterial community. Moreover, the poultry aged 300 days was lower both in the total diversity and in the percentage of unidentified microorganisms when compared to 26-day and 150-day old hens. In the adults, the predominating microbial taxa changed, in particular, Clostridia and Negativicutes became more abundant whereas Bacillales and Bifidobacteriales were depressed. Our findings indicate gut colonization by Lactobacilales and pathogenic Listeria sp., Pantoea sp., Enterobacter sp., Mycoplasma sp., Acinetobacter sp., Pasteurellaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Fusobacteria which occurred during ontogenesis. Thus the gut microbiome formation starts in embryo which is important for hatching and growing healthy poultry.

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Study of probiotic microorganisms which can produce enzymes and amino acids is important to develop biologicals to prevent disease and increase productivity in poultry. Lactbacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. are widely used as probiotics due to their adhesive ability and antipathogenic activity. Bacillus sp. and yeasts Saccharomyces sp. are less examined but considered perspective as probiotic agents due to antibiotic activity and some other helpful features. Using T-RFLP (Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and Real-Time PCR we compared number and composition of caecum microbiome in 37-day old Cobb 500 broiler chicken. In group I the chickens were fed with balanced combined fodder. In group II the chickens were fed with the same combined fodder supplemented with a probiotic which contained Saccharomyces sp. living cells, and in group III this probiotic was replaced by a probiotic product Cellobacterin-T. Chickens' caecum microbiome contained various taxa including several unidentified phylotypes in addition to commonly found gut microorganisms. Phylum Firmcutes (mainly cellulolytic and amylolitic Clostridia) and Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Enterococcus sp. which possess anti-bacterial activity are identified as predominating taxa. In addition, various opportunistic and pathogenic microorganism were found including causative agents of respiratory diseases (Pasteurellaceae, Mycoplasma sp., etc.). Both probiotics resulted in an increase of total caecum microbiome and a decreased of its biodiversity. The most remarkable changes we found in the chickens fed with yeast probiotic. Caecum microbiome community of the broilers from group II showed the lowest Shannon index and Simpson index. Cellobacterin-T had the highest probiotic effect. In the broilers from group III the microbiome Bacillus sp. counts increased 1.38-fold, Lactobacillus sp. number was 1.47 times higher whereas the Campylobacter sp. number was 3.00 times lower and the family Enterobacteriaceae number was 1.44 times lower as compared to the control chicks. Yeast probiotic resulted in positive effect on cellulolytic Clostridia microorganisms but also led to rise of Campylobacter sp., Pasteurella sp. and Mycoplasma sp. counts. Poultry growth rate and productivity were influenced positively by both probiotics. The highest growth rate, weight gain, digestibility coefficient and vitamin A, E, B 2 and carotinoid accumulation in liver were characteristic of the chickens from group III. Yeast probiotic promoted feed consumption. Chemical composition of pectoral and leg muscles of the chicks fed with probiotics remained unchanged.