The article deals with a few aspects of translingualism and their influence on ethno-cultural and ethno-lingual consciousness. The authors postulate that a statement of the harmonic coexistence between the ‘native’ and the ‘acquired’, with all its attractiveness and ‘magnetism’, isfar from being always proven in practice. In addition, the ‘smoothness’ of transition from one linguistic culture to another and the ‘cross-flow’ of languages and cultures into each other can be perceived as a threat to the preservation of the ‘native’ linguocultural identity and an implicit form of the ‘linguistic imperialism’. In this regard, it seems appropriate to objectively analyze the phenomena of translingualism and transculturalism and to consider the associated positive and negative consequences in more details.
The purpose of this article is to study the issue of key features of the so-called cultural words (realia) in sacred texts (the Bible is taken as an example) as well as a distinctive nature of their cross-language transfer. This problem is essential not only for the Bible translation as such but it also enables to clarify some aspects related to the representation of the vocabulary with cultural identity in the target language that is explained by the very nature of the Old and New Testaments containing a wide variety of the realia that refer directly to a religious cult and to the everyday life of Palestinian people and their neighborhood in the Bible times. The material for the present research includes versions of the Holy Writ created in different periods in a number of languages (Latin, Church Slavonic, Russian and English). While analyzing, the classical translations labelled often as "national" ones have been used (the King James Bible, Synodal Translation), as well and the versions created in the 20 th and 21 st centuries. The main approach applied herein is the identifying of the corresponding units in the said Bible texts, the ascertainment of the possibility of their ambivalent interpretation, the correlation within the considered versions of translation, the determination of translation strategies used for representing the realia and their comparative analysis. When considering the options presented, special attention has been paid to extra-linguistic factors, since they often play a decisive role in solving the said task. The key results of the made survey can be formulated as follows: 1) since translations could have been made from different versions of the source text, there are cases when certain realia are available in some translations but are missing in others; 2) the use of transcription / transliteration of the realia in Russian versions of the Old Testament in some cases is determined by their representation in the Greek and Church Slavonic texts of the Bible and therefore in both the Synodal and the new translations they can be presented in a form different from that available in European languages; 3) the representation of the Greek word diopetês (fallen from heaven) as the proper name Diopet in the Synodal Translation is usually qualified as an elementary mistake, but it could have been also provoked by an intention to follow Greek and Church Slavonic traditions; 4) the existence of the so-called 'undefined realia' in the source text, an exact meaning of which is not known, causes their various interpretations in the target language; 5) during the analysis of the units of the target language used in the translation of the Holy Writ, the diachronic aspect must be taken into account considering, on the one hand, the possibility of losing or changing the meaning in the course of linguistic evolution, and on the other hand, avoiding vesting the reality with the meaning that it could not have; 6) a number of translations made in recent decades are characterized by a pronounced pragmatic orient...
Variation is one of the most commonly used concepts in translatology. To one degree or another, it becomes obvious in an interlingual transfer of texts of various genres; however, first of all, one has to deal with it when translating pieces of fiction (broadly speaking). This becomes especially evident in cases when one and the same source text has several versions in another language (or in other languages). First of all, this applies to the Bible, which surpasses other literary masterpieces in the number of existing translations into different languages and also has the longest tradition of interlingual transfers. Such fact determines the relevance of the subject of this article. Despite a large number of studies on various aspects of the Holy Writ translations, a number of issues related to their variation cannot be considered fully investigated, which makes it possible to speak of the scientific novelty of this article. A few fragments of the versions created in different languages were used as the material for this research, and the method of comparative analysis was applied for their study. The research results lead to the following conclusions: a) the variation in different translations of the selected fragments may be caused by both objective and subjective factors; b) the availability of the so-called unclarities in the source text, which allow for different interpretations, leads to significant differences in their representation in the target language; c) the aiming for pragmatic adaptation of the content for a foreign cultural audience in a number of cases entails the replacement of realities, sometimes distorting the actualness shown in the original text; d) modern translations may reflect issues related to political correctness, an inclusive language, etc., which do not always correspond to the ideology of the source text.
Московский государственный областной университетРоссийская Федерация, 105005, Москва, ул. Радио, 10а В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с историей и современным состоянием билингвизма как феномена литературного творчества. Отмечается, что, хотя процессы глобализации, с которыми его нередко связывают в наши дни, действительно в значительной степени влияют на характер и отличительные черты данного явления, сам по себе он имеет весьма богатое прошлое и достаточно заметно проявлялся уже в античном мире. Естественно, что в каждую историческую эпоху литературный билингвизм обладал заметной спецификой, которая определялась соответствующим историко-культурным контекстом, зависящим от ряда факторов (лингвистических, литературных, политических, религиозных и др.). Внимание уделяется также вопросу о том, в какой степени можно говорить о сбалансированности применения двух языков в творческом процессе и может ли оно привести к языковому сдвигу. Ключевые слова: литературный, билингвизм, творчество, глобализация, культура, исторический, языковой сдвиг 1. Введение Хухуни Г.Т. Вестник РУДН. Серия: Вопросы образования: языки и специальность. 2018. Т. 15. № 2. С. 277-288 278 ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЕ наиболее частотных, несомненно, может быть признано слово «глобализация». Можно сказать, что оно стало яркой приметой «современного» дискурса в самых различных областях, хотя, как известно, пользовались им и деятели прошлого (среди которых называют и Карла Маркса). Не обошли его вниманием, естественно, и представители лингвистической науки, а по отношению к английскому эпитет «глобальный» применяется сейчас, пожалуй, гораздо чаще, чем традиционное выражение «язык Шекспира». Хотя любое действие рождает противодействие и слово «антиглобализм» также достаточно прочно укоренилось в нашем лексиконе, в целом с глобализмом все же связывают по большей части положительные коннотации -открытость для мира, неограниченный доступ к информации, многократно возросшую мобильность все большего числа людей, в общем, полную и окончательную реализацию всего того, о чем писали как о весьма прогрессивном явлении (хотя и с прямо противоположных по отношению к нынешним проповедникам глобализации идеологических позиций ) небезызвестные классики небезызвестной теории еще в середине XIX столетия: «На смену старой местной и национальной замкнутости и существованию за счет продуктов собственного производства приходит всесторонняя связь и всесторонняя зависимость наций друг от друга. Это в равной мере относится как к материальному, так и к духовному производству. Плоды духовной деятельности отдельных наций становятся общим достоянием. Национальная односторонность и ограниченность становятся все более и более невозможными, и из множества национальных и местных литератур образуется одна всемирная литература» [2. С. 427-428].Как известно, само понятие «мировая литература» (Welt literatur), связываемое обычно с именем И.В. Гёте, имеет отнюдь не марксистское происхождение и достаточно широко использовалось не только представителями «единственно верного» учени...
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