Естественные науки и лес --------------------------------------------------------------------Определению предельного возраста отдельных деревьев дуба и дубовых древостоев в условиях Центральной ле-состепи практически не посвящено научных исследований, хотя принципиально важно знать эти параметры при выде-лении генетических резерватов, оформлении ООПТ и памятников природы. Анализ литературных источников показы-вает, что отдельные деревья дуба черешчатого в определенных условиях могут доживать до 1500-2000 лет, а насажде-ния -до 500 лет. Приводятся в качестве примера такие старовозрастные дубы, как Стельмужский и Мамврийский, дуб Вардана Маликояна и дуб на о. Хортица, которые перешагнули тысячелетний рубеж. Однако подобных примеров на территории Воронежской, Курской и Белгородской областей авторы не обнаружили. На примере обследования 38 ста-ровозрастных деревьев дуба и ряда дубовых древостоев, авторы показывают, что предельным возрастом для отдельных деревьев дуба в Центральной лесостепи являются 350-400 лет, а для массивов дубового древостоя -250-300 лет. И то это относится только к насаждениям семенного происхождения в богатых лесорастительных условиях. Большинство обследованных старовозрастных дубов (71 %) находятся в сильно ослабленном или усыхающем состоянии. А если учитывать только деревья, возраст которых порядка 350 лет и более, то они все (100 %) относятся к категории усыхаю-щих. Не в лучшем состоянии находятся старовозрасные дубовые насаждения. Их средневзвешенная категория состоя-ния составляет 3,07±0,13, что определяется как сильная степень ослабления. Из этого следует вывод, что обследован-ные старовозрастные деревья дуба и старовозрастные дубовые древостои находятся в предельном возрасте и требуют повышенного внимания. Есть острая необходимость провести объективную инвентаризацию не только всех отдельных старовозрастных деревьев дуба, но и особенно тех участков, на которых они располагаются, для придания им статуса, который позволит им сохраниться.Ключевые слова. Дуб, долголетие дуба, старовозрастные деревья, старовозрастные древостои, состоя-ние насаждений, категории состояния деревьев. Abstract Practically nothing from scientific research is dedicated to definition of the maximum age of individual trees of oak and oak stands in conditions of the Central forest-steppe , although it is crucial to know these parameters for selecting genetic reserves, design of protected areas and natural monuments. The analysis of literary sources shows that individual trees of English oak, under certain conditions, can live up to 1500-2000 years old, and plantations -up to 500 years. Stelmuze Oak and Oak of Mamre, oak of Vardan Mamikomyan and Zaporozhian oak on Khortytsya Island are cited as example of such old-growth oaks, which crossed the millennial threshold. However, authors did not find such examples in the Voronezh, Kursk and Belgorod regions. On the example of survey of 38 old-growth oak trees and several oak stands, the authors show that the age limit for individual oak trees in the Central forest-steppe is...
The article shows the urgency of such significant woodlands as, for example, natural and artificial planting of the Prof. B.M. Kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden, Voronezh State University, for the environment of big city. We briefly characterize the botanical garden, its origins and the present conditions. The main goal of the definition of forest pathology and health status of all the stand has been put on one of the key areas of the botanical garden referred to as "Northern ravine oak wood."
The article presents the results of forest pathology examination of 1123 trees on 7 streets and in 2 parks in the Central district of the city of Voronezh. A comparative analysis of the pathology of native and exotic species is given, which showed that native species survive longer in group plantings, and introduced plants – in linear. A number of features of the occurrence of abnormalities in trees in urban plantings is revealed. In particular, a massive chemical burn of the horse chestnut leaf is recorded 100 % loss with powdery mildew of English oak leaves, also 100 % loss of leaf-mining insects of linden macrophylla.
Article establishes that the modern system of diagnostics of the state of tree on the basis of account of the only confessed (legalized) list of external pathological signs does not give the objective estimation of the state and perspective of stand. Authors, on the example of stands of English oak, in plantings of Voronezh, Belgorod and Tula regions, show variety, differentiation, specificity and meaningfulness of external pathological signs. The features of display of pathology of English oak are marked in the different plantations. A list of detected and the proportion of pathological signs in the oak forests is given.
For the ecology of the big city it is very important to have such a significant woodland, as, for example, natural and artificial plantings of Prof. BM Kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden, Voronezh State University. The article briefly characterizes the botanical garden, its origins and the present conditions. The main goal of the definition of forest pathology and health status of all the stand has been put on one of the key areas of the botanical garden referred to as "Northern ravine oak wood." In conducting research we use standard methods of forest inventory and forest pathology examination with appropriate post-processing. The detailed data on the composition, taxation rates and conditions of the studied plants are given. Complete loss of the composition of exotic species planted in 30-x – 70-ies of the last century is revealed and we determine an accelerated death of English oak and European white birch, which is actively being replaced by Norway maple and Scotch elm. Comparative analyzes of forestpathological characteristics of the main forest-forming species of this area is made, and conclusions about the lack of competitiveness of such artificially planted exotic species as the horse chestnut, bitternut walnut and European larch in natural groves stands is drawn. A list of found external characteristics of each species diseases in the surveyed forest stand is given. On English oak leading pathological features are: shrinkage of the skeletal branches and inboard hollows. On the Norway maple there are also a lot of dead skeletal branches, and a lot of trees with pathological forms of the barrel. The main conclusion of the work lies in the fact that the stock data on shrunken and especially drying trees testify to the strong weakening of the stand. Conducting sanitary measures in the form of selective sanitary cutting is required for its recovery.
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