At the present stage of science development, breeding of new varieties of plants using modern, including molecular methods, is one of the main links in the intensification of the agricultural industry. Rye is no exception in this respect. This is a traditional strategic crop for Belarus, that largely determines the country’s food security. In the paper, in a historical context, the main achievements in breeding of rye varieties for different uses are outlined. The main approaches are described, including: screening of the world diversity of winter rye in the conditions of Belarus; use of methods of experimental polyploidy, hybridization, stabilizing selection, molecular-genetic methods and techniques. Development and application of modern methods have allowed a number of genetic mechanisms and regularities to be discovered, which, in turn, has significantly increased the efficiency of rye breeding in different directions (population and heterosis). At present, RUE “Scientific and Practical Center of the NAS of Belarus for Arable Farming”, State Scientific Institution “Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the NAS of Belarus”, as well as jointly with other institutions have developed new breeding methods, including molecular-genetic ones, which is especially important for increasing the efficiency of obtaining competitive varieties. Significant results have been achieved on the use of the effect of heterosis based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). To date, a system of highly productive competitive rye varieties has been created for soils of different levels of fertility: population tetraploid and diploid, as well as F1 hybrids – LoBel-103, Galinka, Plisa, and Belgi.
Создание новых сортов озимой пшеницы-одна из первостепенных и решающих ролей в повышении генетического потенциала урожайности и получении высококачественного зерна. Согласно мировым тенденциям четко определены основные направления при создании новых сортов данной культуры в Республике Беларусь: повышение зимостойкости, устойчивости к болезням, полеганию, стрессовым факторам среды, повышение хлебопекарных и кормовых достоинств зерна. В настоящее время для сельскохозяйственного производства предлагаются новые короткостебельные, высокопродуктивные сорта белорусской селекции: Элегия, Ода, Августина, Мроя, Этюд, Гирлянда, Амелия, которые характеризуются высоким генетическим потенциалом продуктивности. У новых сортов значительно возросла экологическая стабильность, общая адаптивность к неблагоприятным факторам среды, хлебопекарные и кормовые достоинства. В процессе создания новых сортов разработаны новые и усовершенствованы существующие подходы и методы селекции, решен ряд фундаментальных проблем. Благодаря развитию и применению на практике молекулярно-генетических методов ускорен процесс селекции. Для пшеницы локализован ряд генов, ответственных за различные хозяйственно полезные признаки. Создание новых сортов озимой пшеницы с использованием современных селекционно-генетических методов, разработка и усовершенствование методов селекции являются стратегически значимыми направлениями как в отношении фундаментальных разработок, так и в практическом плане обеспечения продовольственной безопасности в условиях жесткой конкуренции со стороны стран западной и восточной Европы. Благодарности. Работы по созданию новых сортов озимой пшеницы и усовершенствованию методов селекционного процесса выполнялись в рамках следующих программ: Государственная научно-техническая программа «Агропромкомплекс-возрождение и развитие села»; Государственная научно-техническая программа «Агропромкомплекс-2020», подпрограмма «Агропромкомплекс-эффективность и качество»,
Reserves of heterosis breeding with efficiency undoubtedly higher, have not been fully applied regarding winter rye crop in Belarus, therefore the creation of heterosis F1 hybrids of winter rye is currently a priority research area in the Republic of Belarus. The paper dwells on the main results of rye breeding for heterosis, discusses the problems of growing hybrid rye varieties in agricultural production. Thus, the first experimental line-population F1 hybrids of winter diploid rye were developed at RUE “Scientific and Practical Centre of Belorussian NAS for Arable Farming”: Lobel-103, Galinka, Plisa and interline hybrid Belgi which in the competitive variety test exceeded the standard by 8.0–14.4 dt/ha. F1 winter rye hybrids form more high stem density by the time of harvesting, which provides higher yields compared with the standard. As a result of breeding experiments on the genetic basis of the Belarusian highly adaptive populations, CMS systems with high combining ability have been created. It was shown that R-type CMS is characterized by high frequency of sterility fixation genes, and therefore there are no problems with maintaining MS-forms in generations. More labor-intensive process is allocation of fertility restorers with a high restore index and with a high combination capacity at the same time. Problems in the cultivation of hybrid varieties of rye associated with a number of genetic and soil-climatic causes were revealed.
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