The grain of hard wheat (Triticum durum) is extremely important for the processing and food industry in Ukraine, the need of which is one million tons per year. The immaturity of technology of its cultivation prevents the expansion of the cultivated lands. This imperfection leads to the economic inexpediency of its cultivation. Therefore it was assigned to improve the technological methods for cultivation of hard winter wheat, which can increase yields and make its cultivation economically better. The studies were conducted (2013-2014) on the experimental field of the educational farm "Samarskyi" of Dniprovsk State Agrarian and Economical University (Dnipropetrovsk region) on the usual black thin humous average loamy soil. The reference area is 33 m 2 , it is a three time repeatability, the placement of the plots is systematic. Weather conditions during the research years were mainly typical for the Steppe zone. It was established that the highest yield of the hard winter wheat in the fallow land, both on low, and on high grounds of the mineral nutrition in average for 4 years was received during seeding on September 17 and with the seeding rate 4,5 min. p/ha-5,66 and 6,21 t/ha, accordingly. The greatest yield capacity of wheat after the spring barley, both on a low and on a high nutritional background the plants of the hard winter wheat was formed when sowing on September 10 at a seeding rate of 6.5 million p/ha. Such a high rate is explained by the unfavorable conditions of the stubble previous crop, by the low bushiness of plants. At different sowing dates, the norm of seeding has to be different. At the late term of sowing the seeding rate changes upwards, due to the low bushiness of plants and, conversely, at the early term of sowing on condition of sufficient moisture content of the soil, the seeding rate has to be corrected towards its reduction. The maximum yield after the stubble previous crop was lower than the maximum yield of steam crops by a third (27.9 %). The low yield of hard winter wheat after spring barley caused extremely low economic indicators. In such a way a payout of production expenses was only 1.62 UAH. The economic indicators of growing of hard winter wheat, after the worst previous cropspring barley, indicate a low efficiency of use of stubble previous crop.

Today, in the scientific and practical field, as well as a long time later, much attention is paid to improving the quality and quantity of yield. To obtain the desired results, we considered various systems of basic soil tillage in the growing of winter wheat, namely, determined the influence of basic soil tillage systems on the autumn development of winter wheat in the Luhansk region. The results of research of the influence of the basic soil tillage and the forecrop on the density and content of productive moisture in the soil layer of ordinary chernozems and on the autumn phases of development of winter wheat variety "Antara" are discussed. The research was performed in 2018-2020 in the fields of the department of scientific and technical training in agronomy and farms located in the north-central moderately arid subzone of Luhansk region. Three methods of soil tillage have been studied by us: moldboard ploughing -depth 22 cm; moldboard-less disking ploughing -depth 10 cm; moldboard-free subsurface cultivation -depth 12 cm. Forecrops: occupied fallow, sunflower, maize. The research was performed according to generally accepted methods. By means of research was established the advantage of moldboard ploughing over moldboardless ploughing. Moldboard soil ploughing contributed to the creation of lower density in the arable horizon under different forecrops, greater microbiological activity of the soil, better water supply during the autumn vegetative season. Moldboard ploughing increased access to nutrients such as potassium and nitrogen, and moldboardless ploughing accumulated available phosphorus. Improving the agrophysical properties of the soil contributed to the formation of better biometric indices in the autumn vegetative season. The height of the plants where the soil was plowed to the depth 22 cm was higher compared to the height of the plants with moldboard-less disking ploughing to the depth 10 cm. This affected the number of stems, which also increased, the number of leaves and roots increased, respectively. The depth of the tillering node increased relative to the increase in the depth of soil tillage, the weight of 100 absolutely dry plants increased, respectively, almost three to four times. Thus, the basic soil tillage improves the agrophysical properties, increases the microbiological activity of the soil and improves the biometric indices of plants.

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Goal. To determine the species and quantitative composition of weeds, the influence of individual precursors on the rate of development of agrophytocenoses in winter wheat crops, taking into account the influence of modern agrotechnological methods on the degree of weediness of production crops. Methods. During 2017—2019 studied agrophytocenoses under production conditions for winter wheat, depending on predecessors and agrotechnological techniques. Weeds were counted and calculated in accordance with generally accepted methods for assessing the number and distribution of segetal vegetation, taking into account morphological features and their clear classification. Results. The most numerous were cereal millet weeds, represented mainly by two species — common blackberry and green bristle. Among the dicotyledonous spring weeds, the most numerous were the medicinal smoky and the highlander bindweed, among the wintering weeds — the field violet and field cocci. In recent years, sunflower has taken a significant place in the structure of cultivated areas of the region. Therefore, the sunflower scavenger has become a very serious polluter of winter fields, which in its harmfulness exceeds most weeds. Conclusion. Analysis of agrophytocenoses in winter wheat crops in the context of individual predecessors showed that the number of weeds in the fields of steam wheat is almost 2—2.5 times less than after corn or sunflower.

One of the main factors of intensification in crop production is the effective using of mineral fertilizers. There must be a clear and correct approach to the development of the crop fertilizer system, in the context of the current reduction of the soil’s natural fertility and high environmental burden. A scientifically sound fertilization system must ensure not only high crop yields with optimum product quality indicators, but also the preservation or different increase of soil fertility while maintaining environmental safety. The effectiveness of mineral fertilizers depends on both the ratio of nutrients and their forms. With the same amount of active substance, different forms of fertilizers provide different results, due to the physiological characteristics of fertilizers and plants. The rational application of fertilizers is only possible when understanding the deep connection between soil agrochemistry and plant physiology. The highest yield of sunflower hybrids was obtained in the case of fertilizer application at a dose of N60P90. The application of mineral fertilizers with different doses increases the yield of sunflower hybrids by 0.16-0.43 t / ha. However, the level of mineral fertilizer efficiency varies and depends on other factors. Therefore, the question of the effectiveness of the application of mineral fertilizers during the cultivation of sunflower in the conditions of the zone of insufficient moistening of the Steppe of Ukraine needs more systematic study. Key words: sunflower, mineral fertilizers, mineral nutrition, cultivation technology, yield, plant density, biological yield.