Objectives: Morphological awareness is the ability to recognize the semantic units and manipulate their structures. In recent years, a growing number of researches suggest that morphological awareness could play an important role in word reading and reading comprehensions. Although there are many studies on various variables related to reading ability, studies on the relations of morphological awareness and reading ability are limited to the Korean language. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of morphological awareness on the decoding and reading comprehension ability of school-aged children from grades 1 to 3. Methods: A correlation analysis among the factors of receptive vocabulary, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, phonological memory, short-term and working memory, morphological awareness, reading fluency, decoding and reading comprehension ability was conducted among 48 elementary students from grades 1 to 3. Then, a multiple regression analysis was performed to explore the predictive factors for decoding and reading comprehension outcomes. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows. First, there were significant correlations between morphological awareness and all other variables except for rapid automatized naming. The strongest correlation between morphological awareness and reading comprehension ability was observed. Second, the result of regression analysis indicated that morphological awareness was a significant predictor for the decoding and reading comprehension ability. Conclusion: Results of the present study suggested that morphological awareness was an important factor for the assessment and intervention of improving reading ability which was consistent with previous studies in the English literature. Clinical implications of morphological awareness and directions for further studies are also discussed.

Lactic acid bacteria were selected on the basis of lactic acid producing ability from kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented food. Among the initial screening of over 150 strains selected from the sample, 27 strains were selected as lactic acid producing bacteria, and 4 strains were finally selected based on their ability to produce relatively high levels of lactic acid. The four strains were identified as Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum Gk04, Pediococcus pentosaceus Gk07, L. brevis Gk35 and L. curvatus Gk36 by the conventional morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Among the identified lactic acid bacteria, L. curvatus Gk36 was used for soymilk fermentation. The viable cell counts and acidity values measured for the L. curvatus Gk36 were comparable to the commmercial L. acidopillus. Thus, the L. curvatus Gk36 is a potential probiotic strain to prepare fermented soy products, such as kephir, yogurt, tempeh and soy sauce.

This work is based on a part of the first author's master's thesis from Yongin University. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological awareness of 1st to 3rd grade students from multicultural families and non-multicultural families. Methods: The subjects of this study were 13 students from multicultural families and 13 students from non-multicultural families. The experiments consisted of morphological awareness, decoding, reading fluency, and reading comprehension ability tasks. Frequency of correct answers and frequency of incorrect answers were compared and analyzed for the respective groups. Results: The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, there were significant differences in morphological awareness between the two groups, with students from multicultural families performing worse. Additionally, there were significant differences in the opaque type, derivation type, and combination type of morphological awareness tests, again with children from multicultural families performing below their peers. Second, there were significant differences in double use error types and nontransformation error types. The children from multicultural families showed errors more frequently than those from non-multicultural families. Third, there were significant correlations between morphological awareness and all other reading variables in the two groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that in spite of normal receptive vocabulary development and reading ability, children from multicultural families display lower mean values in morphological awareness than their peers from non-multicultural families.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the developmental characteristic of spelling ability according to the types of spelling and phonological rules of kindergarten children to 3rd grade children. Methods: The subjects were 148 typically developmental children, including 40 kindergarten, 46 1st grade, 35 2nd grade, and 37 3rd grade children. The research tool consisted of word spelling with four spelling types and four phonological rules. Results: First, as the children's age increases, spelling performance increases according to the spelling types or phonological rules. There was no statistically significant difference between the second and third graders in elementary school, but all the other groups showed statistically significant differences. Second, the differences of the remaining spelling types, except for the letter-phoneme incongruent and single final consonant were significant. There was a significant difference between the letter-phoneme correspondence words in kindergarten and elementary first graders, and the letter-phoneme incongruence double final consonant were significant in all grade levels. Third, the performance of the children according to the phonological rules was high in order of nasalization, lenition, fortification, and aspiration. Conclusion: Through the results of this study, we can understand the characteristics of spelling development from kindergarten through elementary school. Implications for spelling writing and intervention are discussed.

발효여과물이 함유된 화장수와 크림을 하루에 3회 피부염병변에 6주간 도포하도록 하였다. 그 결과 SCORAD 지수는 26.9±11.8에서 14.9 ±9.7로 감소(p<0.05), Total IgE(IU/mL)는 641.9±1294.6에서 565.8±1076.8로 감소, Eosinophil의 수 (ug/dL)는 246.7±203.5에서 203.3±130.7로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 피부수분함유량은 36.6±10.0에서 44.0±10.3로 증가 (p<0.01), 경피수분손실량(g/h/m²)은 16.7±5.1에서 15.4±8.7로 감소(p<0.05)하였으며, 피부 pH는 약산성을 유지하였다. 또한 의사 및 환자의 총괄유효성 평가도 증가되었다. Abstact Sixteen moderate atopic dermatitis patients were treated with applying toner and cream using estern medical herbs[Estern medical complex(Radix Glycyrrhizae, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Fructus ponciri Seu Aurantii Immaturus, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata, Radix Puerariae, Rhizoma Corydalis), Cypress, Green tea, Radix Astragali, Red ginseng, Syrup ferment, Apple ferment filtrate] on the atopic area 2-3 times per day for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks of study, the result was a decrease in SCORAD index(26.9±11.8 to 14.9 ±9.7(p<0.05)), IgE(641.9±1294.6 to 565.8±1076.8), Eosinophil count(246.7±203.5 to 203.3±130.7(p<0.05)) and TEWL(16.7±5.1 to 15.4±8.7(p<0.05)). And skin hydration was increased(36.6±10.0 to 44.0±10.3(p<0.01)) maintaining skin pH level. The patient;s and physician's global assessment also improved. Therefore, estern medical herbs may play a role in treatment of atopic dermatitis.