“…The 3D printed hydrogel scaffold provided a permissive in vitro living environment for hi-MSCs and significantly increased the survival duration of transplanted hi-MSCs when compared with hi-MSCs administered locally in vivo. This study confirms that 3D printed hi-MSC-loaded scaffold not only promoted the recovery of the endometrial histomorphology (endometrial tissue and gland regeneration) and the regeneration of endometrial cells (stromal cells and epithelial cells) and endothelial cells but also improved endometrial receptivity functional indicators [ 65 ]. In addition, hiPSCs that were generated from anterior cruciate ligament were used in the repair of ligaments and tendons [ 66 ].…”
Section: 3d Bioprinting Of Ipscs In Tissue Engineeringsupporting
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a revolutionary technology that replicates 3D functional living tissue scaffolds in vitro by controlling the layer-by-layer deposition of biomaterials and enables highly precise positioning of cells. With the development of this technology, more advanced research on the mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis, clinical drug screening, and organ regeneration may be pursued. Because of their self-renewal characteristics and multidirectional differentiation potential, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have outstanding advantages in stem cell research and applications. In this review, we discuss the advantages of different bioinks containing human iPSCs that are fabricated by using 3D bioprinting. In particular, we focus on the ability of these bioinks to support iPSCs and promote their proliferation and differentiation. In addition, we summarize the applications of 3D bioprinting with iPSC-containing bioinks and put forward new views on the current research status.
“…The 3D printed hydrogel scaffold provided a permissive in vitro living environment for hi-MSCs and significantly increased the survival duration of transplanted hi-MSCs when compared with hi-MSCs administered locally in vivo. This study confirms that 3D printed hi-MSC-loaded scaffold not only promoted the recovery of the endometrial histomorphology (endometrial tissue and gland regeneration) and the regeneration of endometrial cells (stromal cells and epithelial cells) and endothelial cells but also improved endometrial receptivity functional indicators [ 65 ]. In addition, hiPSCs that were generated from anterior cruciate ligament were used in the repair of ligaments and tendons [ 66 ].…”
Section: 3d Bioprinting Of Ipscs In Tissue Engineeringsupporting
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a revolutionary technology that replicates 3D functional living tissue scaffolds in vitro by controlling the layer-by-layer deposition of biomaterials and enables highly precise positioning of cells. With the development of this technology, more advanced research on the mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis, clinical drug screening, and organ regeneration may be pursued. Because of their self-renewal characteristics and multidirectional differentiation potential, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have outstanding advantages in stem cell research and applications. In this review, we discuss the advantages of different bioinks containing human iPSCs that are fabricated by using 3D bioprinting. In particular, we focus on the ability of these bioinks to support iPSCs and promote their proliferation and differentiation. In addition, we summarize the applications of 3D bioprinting with iPSC-containing bioinks and put forward new views on the current research status.
“…Notably, scaffolds made by the combination of 3D printing ( Fig. 12 ) [ 116 ] and electrospinning techniques may be the most promising approach for preventing intrauterine adhesions and promoting endometrial regeneration [ 117 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Tissue Engineering Based Methodsmentioning
Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is a common gynaecological disease that develops from infection or trauma. IUA disease may seriously affect the physical and mental health of women of childbearing age, which may lead to symptoms such as hypomenorrhea or infertility. Presently, hysteroscopic transcervical resection of adhesion (TCRA) is the principal therapy for IUAs, although its function in preventing the recurrence of adhesion and preserving fertility is limited. Pharmaceuticals such as hormones and vasoactive agents and the placement of nondegradable stents are the most common postoperative adjuvant therapy methods. However, the repair of injured endometrium is relatively restricted due to the different anatomical structures of the endometrium. Recently, the treatment outcome of IUAs has improved with the advancement of hysteroscopic techniques. In particular, the application of bioactive scaffolds combined with tissue engineering technology has proven to have high therapeutic potential or endometrial repair in IUA treatment. Herein, this review has summarized past therapeutic strategies, including postoperative adjuvant therapy, cell or therapeutic molecular delivery therapy methods and bioactive scaffold-based tissue engineering methods. Therefore, this review presented the recent therapeutic strategies for repairing endometrium treatment and pointed out the issues of clinical concern to provide alternative methods for the management of IUAs.
“…In addition, an auto-crosslinked hyaluronic acid gel loaded with umbilical cord MSCs in AS rhesus monkey models was found to help uterine regeneration by preventing adhesion as a physical barrier and providing an attachment site for MSCs [96]. Moreover, three-dimensional (3D) printed hydrogels are another biomaterial in AS treatment, providing a spatial and physiological environment for MSC planting [97]. Despite all of the aforementioned findings, issues such as a combined system of perivascular cells and biomaterials in AS models and a more precise and noninvasive way to deliver the system warrant further investigation.…”
Section: Perivascular Cell-based Angiogenetic Therapy For Asherman's Syndrome (As)mentioning
Ovarian steroid-regulated cyclical regeneration of the endometrium is crucial for endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation, and it is dependent on the dynamic remodeling of the endometrial vasculature. Perivascular cells, including pericytes surrounding capillaries and microvessels and adventitial cells located in the outermost layer of large vessels, show properties of mesenchymal stem cells, and they are thus promising candidates for uterine regeneration. In this review, we discuss the structure and functions of the endometrial blood vasculature and their roles in endometrial regeneration, the main biomarkers and characteristics of perivascular cells in the endometrium, and stem cell-based angiogenetic therapy for Asherman’s syndrome.
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