A 77/79-GHz Frequency Generator in 16-nm CMOS for FMCW Radar Applications Based on a 26-GHz Oscillator with Co-Generated Third Harmonic

Kuo, F. S.; Zong, Zhirui; Chen, Huan-Neng Ron; Cho, Lan-Chou; Jou, Chewn-Pu; Chen, Mark; Staszewski, Robert Bogdan

doi:10.1109/esscirc.2019.8902490

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In the state-of-the-art literature [75], [76], different kinds of mixers with different PN values are proposed. All the mixers evaluated in this work are summarized in Tab.…”

Section: B Phase Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating RF Hardware Characteristics for Automotive JCRS Systems Based on PMCW-CDMA at 77GHz

Lübke¹,

Su²,

Franchi³

2023

IEEE Access

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Joint communications and radar sensing (JCRS) applications are currently being hailed as the innovation of the next generation of mobile communications. The combination of communications and sensor technology on one hardware platform offers various advantages, such as significant savings in space and costs. The two technologies are no longer being optimized and developed side by side, as has been the case in the past, but jointly. The physical channel is used by both simultaneously, including the transmitter and receiver structures, which must be optimized for the combined application. This inevitably leads to an influence on the performance of both systems. In this work, this influence is considered and analyzed with respect to the effects of the radio frequency components. For this purpose, our previously published code-division multiple access (CDMA)-based and vehicle-to-vehicle-focused model is extended to a JCRS model and evaluated according to the achieved bit error rate as well as the mean deviation of the detected distance and velocity in Simulink. The influence of the non-ideal hardware components (mixers, power amplifier, low noise amplifier, filter, antenna) and characteristics (S-parameters, non-linearity of the amplifiers and the noise) on the sensing and communications are analyzed and compared in this automotive context. The results reveal that the noise of the low noise amplifier at the receiver side has the most decisive influence. In contrast, the noise generated by the power amplifier at the transmitter has no effect due to the relatively high signal power. The non-linearity of amplifiers at the transmitter also significantly impacts the available sensing range by limiting and compressing signal power. Besides, the phase noise with a frequency offset higher than 10 MHz can increase the communications and sensing error rate. In contrast, the influence of S-parameters is negligible, as the performance of communications and sensing is almost unchanged with different S-parameters. In the future, the proposed single-target scene will be further extended to a multi-target one.INDEX TERMS CDMA, connected vehicles, joint communications and radar sensing, RF hardware characteristics, modeling, physical layer, PMCW, 77 GHz.

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“…In the state-of-the-art literature [75], [76], different kinds of mixers with different PN values are proposed. All the mixers evaluated in this work are summarized in Tab.…”

Section: B Phase Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…4. In the following, the mixers 'mixer 1', 'mixer 2', and 'mixer 3' are denoted by 'this system', according to [76] and [75], respectively. The PN levels are specified for [10 kHz, 10 MHz], whereas the PN level at higher frequency offsets exhibits a noise floor, see Fig.…”

Section: B Phase Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating RF Hardware Characteristics for Automotive JCRS Systems Based on PMCW-CDMA at 77GHz

Lübke¹,

Su²,

Franchi³

2023

IEEE Access

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“…In a magnetically coupled VCO, the 3rd harmonic signal could be directly extracted from the tank, since a strong third harmonic drain and source currents are available as mentioned in II II-A. A signal extraction between the drain nodes, as presented in [13], [17], [24], suffers from the degradation of the VCO performance due to the additional loading of the VCO tank (degrading the loaded quality factor of the tank). This degradation could be minimized by implementing a small buffer and thus less resistive loading on the VCO tank, but it limits the driving capability of the buffer.…”

Section: B 26 Ghz Vco With 3rd Harmonic Signal Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Broadband 77/79 GHz Transmitter With Dual VCOs and Third Harmonic Signal Extraction in a 28 nm CMOS Technology

Reiter

Sene

et al. 2022

IEEE J. Microw.

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A broadband 77/79 GHz transmitter (TX) front-end for automotive long range radar (LRR) and short range radar (SRR) applications is presented in this paper. To achieve the best system performance one new TX architecture with two specifically designed voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) is implemented in a 28 nm CMOS technology. Furthermore, the degradation of the VCO phase noise due to the TX integration is analyzed in detail and solutions to minimize the impacts are proposed and verified. Experimental results of a 20 GHz push-push VCO1 measured at the 77 GHz TX output show a continuous tuning range of 4.75 GHz, a coarse tuning range of 3.2 GHz and an average phase noise of −100 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz, while a 26 GHz VCO2 with third harmonic signal extraction achieves a continuous and coarse tuning range of 7.5 GHz and 4.2 GHz with an average phase noise of −96 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz at 79 GHz TX output. Moreover, a record pushing performance of < ± 100 MHz/V at 77/79 GHz TX output has been achieved according to the authors' best knowledge. The whole TX chip consumes about 860 mW from a single 2.1 V supply while providing more than 16 dBm output power over the whole frequency band.INDEX TERMS Millimeter-wave radar, voltage-controlled oscillator, transmitter, 28 nm CMOS.

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Frequency Generation

Philippe

Reynaert

2022

Analog Circuits and Signal Processing

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A 77/79-GHz Frequency Generator in 16-nm CMOS for FMCW Radar Applications Based on a 26-GHz Oscillator with Co-Generated Third Harmonic

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Evaluating RF Hardware Characteristics for Automotive JCRS Systems Based on PMCW-CDMA at 77GHz

Evaluating RF Hardware Characteristics for Automotive JCRS Systems Based on PMCW-CDMA at 77GHz

A Broadband 77/79 GHz Transmitter With Dual VCOs and Third Harmonic Signal Extraction in a 28 nm CMOS Technology

Frequency Generation

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